Voice and Resonance- rehab sci

4 systems involved in speech + why important for SLPs

1) Respiratory system

2) laryngeal system

3) resonating chamber

4) articulatory system

Important for SLPs to know how speech works because it helps them assist clients in adjusting to acceptable productions

Respiratory system (speech)

involves inhale/exhalation and muscles involved in airflow

Laryngeal system (speech)

Responsible for phonation (production of voice) via the larynx (voice box)

Also regulates air entry/exit from lungs, protects lungs during swallowing and allows

Resonating Chamber (speech)

includes the mouth chamber, oral and nasal cavity

Articulatory system (speech)

movement of articulators

specific structures: lips (labia), teeth (dental), alveolar ridge, palate, uvula, tongue tip/apex ect.

Function of the Vocal Resonance System

Resonance varies according to the size of the articulatory chamber, whether the nasal cavity is involved (+/- nasal cavity and the amount and density of tissues)

Resonating chamber (mouth chamber, oral and nasal cavity) is involved in speech

Resonance

the unique quality of sound a phenome possesses based on its unique vocal tract shape and accompanying vibratory pattarn

The Nervous System

Motor cortex: controls voluntary movement’s involved in speech production by sending signals to muscles in the mouth, face and vocal cords

• damage to the motor cortex can result in difficulty producing speech or controlling these muscles

• cranial nerves also send electrical signals between the brain and parts of the head, face, neck and torso

Articulation

refers to the motor processes involved in the planning and execution of speech, including the acquisition and production of specific sounds and the movement of articulators

The basic unit of speech is sound

Articulation disorder: involves problems with the motor production aspects of speech or an inability to produce speech sounds

articulation errors

phonetic errors

Phonology

refers to the function and organization of phonomes within a given language system, the study of linguistic rules of speech sound system , and the rules for the combination of speech sounds.

The basic unit is the phonome which is language specific

Phonological disorder

involves problems with the language specific function of phonemes

Errors are called phonemic errors

Assimilation

where one sound or syllable influences another

reduplication

repetition of a complete or incomplete syllable in substitution for a word

denasalization

substution of a nasal consonant (n or m) with a non nasal consonant (b or fd)

gliding

substitution process

substitution of a liquid sound (l,r) with a glide sound (w,y)

vowelization

substitution of a vowel sound for l or er sounds

backing

substitution of a sound in the front (t,n) with a douns produced in the back (k,g)

ATYPICAL

fronting

sounds that should be made in the back (velar) are replaced with sounds made in the front (alveolar)

stopping

substitution of a stop sound for a frictive sound

Syllable structure processess (4)

• Cluster reduction: reducing consonant clusters (blends)

• Final consonant deletion

• Initial consonant deletion

  • ATYPICAL

• Syllable reduction

Phonological processes that are NOT developmental

• backing

• initial consonant deletion

Age 4, 5

typical syllable reduction resolves

Motor Approach

Traditional

• Used for Phonetic errors which are considered motor production problems

  • Often includes tasks for improving auditory discrimination

Phonological Approach + principles

• Phonemic errors which are considered phonologically based

• 3 basic principles:

  • Targeting groups of sounds with similar error patterns

  • establishing phonological contacts between phonemes

  • emphasizing a naturalistic communicative context

• DO NOT typically work on individual sounds or syllables with this approach

phoneme

basic unit of phonology

smallest unit of sound in a language that can change meaning

language specific

Typical phonological development

includes making phonological errors as a normal part of learning to speak

• usually decrease over time

Atypical phonological development

may involve processes that are not commonly seen in typical development (blocking + initial consonant deletion) OR the persistence of typical processes beyond the age they should have resolved