Integumentary System

What does the Integumentary system do?

Provides protection, regulates body temperature, and allows for touch

What makes up the Integumentary system?

Hair, skin, nails, exocrine glands

What is the Epidermis?

most superficial layer of skin

What is the epidermis made of?

stratified epithelium cells 

What are the characteristics of the epidermis?

Keratinized and avascular

How often does the epidermis regenerate?

every 35-45 days

What is the Dermal Papillae?

helps prevent separation between the epidermis and dermis and provides nourishment to the epidermis

Example of separation between epidermis and dermis?

Blister and Stretch marks

What is a blister?

An acute trauma and fluid pocket

What are stretch marks?

stretching of skin causes separation of epidermis and dermis, leaves marks

What is the dermis?

deep to the epidermis, protects the epidermis

What is the dermis made of?

Deep connective tissue (binds the body together)

What are the two parts of the dermis?

Papillary (close to epidermis) Reticular (close to subcutaneous)

What does the dermis contain?

nerve fibers, blood vessel, immune cells, exocrine glands, hair follicles

What is the subcutaneous layer?

Binds the skin to underlying organs

What is the subcutaneous layer made of?

Adipose tissue

What is the main function of the skin?

To protect the body

What are the three types of protective barriers?

Mechanicals, Acid Mantle, and biological

What is the mechanical barrier?

the physical barrier

What is the mechanical barrier a balance of?

Durability and flexibility

What is a characteristic of the mechanical barrier?

its waterproof

What is the pH of the acid mantle?

4.5-5.5

What does the acid mantle form?

forms the sebum and sweat secretion

What does the acid mantle do?

prevents bacteria from colonizing on skin

What does the biological barrier do?

protects skin against harmful factors/ sends white blood cells target and destroy any foreign agents

Additional functions of the biological barrier

Melanin (uv protection), maintains body temperature, excreates urea

What do exocrine glands do?

They secrete substances to the external areas.

Two types of exocrine glands

Sweat glands and sebaceous glands

Where are sweat glands located?

All over the body

What are the two types of sweat glands

Eccrine and apocrine

Where are eccrine glands located?

Everywhere on the body but especially on palms, soles of feel, and forehead

What do eccrine glands do?

They release sweat to regulate body temperature

What do eccrine glands look like?

Only gland with its own pore and has a coiled base

Where are apocrine glands located?

armpits and genitals

What is the function of apocrine glands?

Secretes sweat plus fats and proteins

Why does odor occur in apocrine glands?

Because bacteria decompose secretes which cause odors

What do apocrine glands look life?

They have coiled base and share a pore with a hair follicle 

Where are sebaceous glands locates?

All over the body except palms and soles of feet

What do sebaceous glands do?

Secrete sebum/oil

What do sebaceous glands look like?

A cloud, shares pore with hair follicle

What does sebum do?

Softens hair and skin, slows water loss, kill pathogenic bacteria, form acid mantle

How much of the aging process is determined by genes?

35%

What is Biological Age?

Age of cells (depends on lifestyle/nutrition/fitness)

What is Chronological age?

years counted by birthdays

What is the lifespan of humans?

not one estimate for humans, based on lifestyle

Why do changes in the skin occur with aging?

Because of the weaker bond between the dermis and epidermis

What are common changes in skin that come with aging?

Skin tearing easier, losing hair, losing fingerprints, fewer immune cells, melanin changes composition, less vitamin D production, Decreased subcutaneous layer

Changes in nails with age

Break easier, blood vessel decrease and fungus grows in place

What is progeria?

Premature aging

when does progeria occur?

at 2 years old

what is the average lifespan of someone with progeria?

13 years (max is 20)

What causes progeria?

A gamete mutation is Lamin A gene

What the mutation cause to happen?

causes nucleus to be lee structured, unstable, which causes premature and accelerated aging

What causes cutaneous porphyria?

skin disease that results from the build up of natural chemicals called porphyrins in the body

When does porphyria occur?

When the body has difficulty making hemoglobin

What are results from porphyria?

Painful blisters, skin fragility, scarring (around hands and face) (caused by skin exposure)

Specific cause of porphyria

problems in the UROD gene

What can problems with the UROD cause?

leads to chemical imbalances that cause skin problems. a faulty gene makes skin more sensitive to sunlight. can be inherited from a parent. (only one copy of the gene is needed)

How much does the mutation reduce enzyme activity by?

50% of normal