crju unit 2

primary functions of policing

law enforcement, service, order maintenance

historical era

prehistoric, informal social control

frankpledge system

system of law enforcement and policing in which members of society were mutually responsible for the behavior of their peers

statue of winchester (1285)

• codification of police practice

• created watch & ward in cities & towns

draft eligible males

• institutionalized hue & cry

• citizens must maintain weapons for answering the call to arms

bow street runners (informal policing)

london magistrate henry fielding created the force in early 1700'a

kin policing

early form of informal social control that involved a victim's family members bringing offender to justice

london metropolitan police act

• act essentially created london metro. police, 1st urban police dpt. in western world

• created by sir robert peel (1829)

• based on bow street runners

• not well received

political era (1840-1930)

politicians heavily influenced officers, dpts, police practices: members of law enforcement also had close personal relationships w/ communities they served & often provided non-crime fighting services for general public

spoils system

practice of politicians rewarding indv's who support their candidacy w/ employment ; quite evident during political era

prohibition

when selling, transporting, manufacturing alcohol was illegal (1919-1933) police corruption became widespread as organized crime grew

reform era (1930-1980)

"progressive" or "professional era"

• goal was to reform, advance, generally professionalize policing characterized by an emphasis on crime-fighting

• reform era efforts spurred largely by august vollmer, some consider "father of american policing"

• contributions include improving recruitment, retention training practices & emphasizing need for crime prevention

• emphasis on crime fighting, poor police-cimmunity relations

• civil rights movement, civil unrest

exclusionary rule

prohibits intro of illegally seized evidence into courtroom proceedings (mapp v. ohio, 1961)

miranda v. arizona (1966)

must be informed of rights

terry v. ohio (1968)

court specified conditions under which police officers can stop & question individuals

community era (1980-Present)

social unrest during 60's & 70's highlighted many limitations of police putting too much emphasis on crime control & neglecting to build & foster relationships with communities they served

police were target of public concern mainly as a result of

• increasing crime rates

• increased fear of crime

• research highlighting limitations of law enforcement practices to focused on crime-fighting

problem-oriented policing

herman goldstein (1990) introduced this, style of policing that seeks to address causes of crime & disorder, as opposed to reacting to crime; problem-solving process involves scanning, analysis, response & assessment (SARA)

community oriented policing services

component with u.s. dpt of justice that promotes community policing

military policing

NOT an effective form of crime control (can increase violence)

intelligence-led policing

type of policing that uses real time crime & data analyses to direct regular patrol & specialized units, it is supported by surveillance & intelligence gathering practices

USA patriot act (2001)

• provided funding for local law enforcement to protect homeland

• enabled law enforcement agents to use greater levels of surveillance, enhanced w/ punishments associated w/ terrorist acts, & facilitated better relationship & communication among levels of law enforcement

decentralized

w/ regard to law enforcement, it refers to the absence of a central unified law enforcement agency

joint terrorism task forces

small groups of highly trained investiators, analysts & law enforcement specialists that're designed to combine federal, state, & local law enforcement to address terrorism & related issues

most police dpts

DO NOT employ a large # of officers

major crimes act

• passed in 188t

• attempted to clarify law enforcement jurisdiction in native american lands by nothing that most serious crimes fall under the jurisdiction of federal authorities

• tribal authorities have jurisdiction over less serious crimes

controlled substances act

statue prescribing fed. u.s. drug policy regarding manufacturing, importation, possession, use & distribution of drugs in u.s.

dpt. of homeland security

cabinet level dpt created w/ homeland security act of 2002 whose mission is to protect the american people, its homeland, & its values

• u.s. customs & border protection

• secret service

• u.s. immigration & customs enforcement

u.s. dpt of justice

dpt. in fed. gov that includes fed. bureau of prisons, USMS (marshall service), FBI, DEA, ATF

offices of inspector general

offices charged w/ preventing & detecting fraud, abuse, waste, & other criminal violations pertaining to fed programs, employees & operations

globalization

interaction & integration of ideas & practices among different countries

interpol

world's ;arget international police org.

• facilitates intl. police cooperation & support & assists all org's., authorities, & services that seek to prevent or confront intl. crime

united nations

international organization founded in 1945 & addresses issues

europol (euro police office)

organization was created in 1998 to confront intl. crime, address removal of border controls in european union, & serve as a clearing house of info

nongovernmental organizations

typically not for profit

• org's set up by groups that're run independent of gov's, althought they may receive funding from govs, businesses, foundation, or indv's

• provide a wide range of services, including efforts to address various types of human rights violations & crimes

early social control in u.s.

• followed progression in england (small towns grew = need for police arises)

• wild west largely unsettled - u.s. marshalls

state police agencies

• centralized or decentralized

• texas rangers was one of the first

responsible for

• (highway safety

• law enforcements in various areas (state parks)

• technical support/ training for other agencies

• conduct investigations

• collaborations

local police dpts

• municipal police

• county police/sheriff

• special jurisdiction agencies

• rural, suburban, urban dpts

• small, large dpts

county law enforcement

• typically either a county sheriff's dpt (most common) or a county police dpt

responsible for

• law enforcement

• local corrections (jails)

• civil law authority

• court-related duties

private security officers

• proprietary (direct)

• contract (works @ __, for __)

affirmative action programs

programs designed to promote the hiring of disadvantaged groups who have suffered from discrimination

title vII of civil rights act of 1964

prevents govs, unions, employment agencies, & private employers w/ 15 or more employees from discrimination based on color, race, sex, religion, national origin

equal employment opportunity act of 1972

extended civil rights act of 1964 to state & local govs

subculture

cultural patterns (values, meanings & behavioral patterns) that identify some segments in the population as distinct from other groups

• strong sense of solidarity in policing (police subculture)

• contributes to officers' outlook on life, their job & people they interact w/

• shaped by # of factors: formal & practical edu, shared occupational tasks, use of force, authority, weapons, general shared norms & expectations

civil service commissions

commissions throughout the u.s. that provide oversight by ensuring that bas, political influence & favoritism don't impact personnel decisions

residency requirements

regulations which mandate that police officers live w/in a prescribed distance from the dpt for which they are employed

age discrimination in employment act of 1967

designed to prevent max age limits for employment & address discrimination against older americans; act initially applied to law enforcement agencies, but congress has since exempted them

citizen patrols

community outreach programs in which citizens undergo a period of training prior to being equipped w/ a radio & set out to patrol particular areas; these volunteers are expected to contact police as warranted & provide additional surveillance

polygraph examinations

tests that measure one's heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, & perspiration in response to a series of questions & statements ; goals of examination are to ensure accuracy of the background info & note any psychological irregularities

employee protection act of 1988

prohibited the use of polygraph examinations in the private sector, but not for gov. agencies

voice stress analyses

devices that measure small frequency modulations heard in human voices that're believed to happen when someone is lying

peace officer standards & training commission

state agencies that regulate the min. police training standards set by each state & help ensure that training curricula are in accord w/ training standards

basic training

training @ police academy

field training

involves new officers working closely w/ field training officers, ensure that officers can apply what they learned

field training officers

assist rookie officers as they move from academy to streets & evaluate

in-service training

training provided in efforts to keep them abreast changes in the field, developments regarding laws & ordinances, changes in tech, & new dpt. policies