DLA - Ketone bodies, B-oxidation

Insulin

Which hormone will promote TAG synthesis?

Epinephrine

Which hormone will promote TAG degradation?

Glycerol, fatty acids

What two things will be released to the blood upon TAG degradation?

Albumin

Which plasma protein will be used to transport lipid-soluble free fatty acids in hydrophobic pockets?

Yes

Do fatty acids require a specific transporter to be taken into the cells from the blood?

fatty acids

What molecules are the preferred fuel source for energy generation in heart and oxygenated muscle cells?

Gluconeogenesis

Fatty acids are required during fasting for energy generation in the liver as well as to act as allosteric regulators to allow what anabolic process to occur?

Fatty acyl CoA Synthase

What enzyme activates free fatty acids using free CoA and ATP to form FA CoAs in an irreversible reaction that is commonly referred to as using 2 ATPs?

OMM

In what cell structure are fatty acids activated to fatty acyl CoAs?

No

Can FACoAs cross the IMM to the mitochondrial matrix?

carnitine esters

What does the carnitine shuttle transfer LCFAs as in order to allow them to cross the IMM?

FA Carnitine

FACoAs must be converted to what molecule by CPT I in the OMM to begin the carnitine shuttle?

CPT I

What enzyme begins the carnitine shuttle by converting FA CoA to FA Carnitine?

Translocase

What type of enzyme in the IMM acts as a revolving door transporting carnitine out of the matrix and FA Carnitine into it?

CPT II

What enzyme in the mitochondrial matrix reforms FA CoA from FA Carnitine?

well-oxygenated

B-oxidation occurs in the mitochondria of what type of cells in order to provide FADH2 and NADH?

acetyl CoA

FAs are degraded to what molecules in b-oxidation in order to provide substrates for TCA cycle?

Liver

In cells of which organ is acetyl CoA not made from FAs to go into TCA?

Heart

What organ requires a high amount of ATP and uses B-oxidation and TCA both after a meal and while fasting?

131

How many ATP is produced from Palmitoyl CoA degradation?

129

How many ATP is produced from Palmitate during degradation?

metabolic water

What is the term for the water produced during B-oxidation?

35

How many ATP is produced in the ETC from the carriers made during B-oxidation?

88

How many ATP is produced in the ETC from the carriers made during TCA from those gained from fatty acids?

Oxidation, Hydration, Oxidation, Thiolysis

What are the four general reactions used in B-oxidation to degrade FAs?

Acyl CoA DH

What enzyme in B-oxidation converts acetyl CoA to Enoyl CoA and produces FADH2?

Enoyl CoA

What molecule is Fatty acyl CoA made into by Acyl CoA DH in the reaction that produces FADH2?

Hydratase

What enzyme converts enoyl CoA to 3-hydroxyacyl CoA in B-oxidation?

3-hydroxyacyl CoA

Enoyl CoA is converted to what molecule in B-oxidation by hydratase?

Hydroxyacyl CoA DH

What enzyme converts 3-hydroxyacyl CoA to 3-ketoacyl CoA and free CoA and also produces NADH in B-oxidation?

FADH2

What reduced coenzyme is produced in the FA CoA to Enoyl CoA reaction of B-oxidation?

LCAD, MCAD, SCAD

What are the three chain-length specific enzymes in B-oxidation that do the activity of Acyl CoA DH?

Thiolase

What enzyme converts 3-ketoacyl CoA and free CoA to fatty acyl CoA and acetyl CoA in the last step of B-oxidation?

Thiolytical cleavage

What is the term for the action thiolase does on 3-ketoacyl CoA using free CoASH to make shorter FACoA?

FAD

What coenzyme is used by Acyl CoA DH in B-oxidation?

NAD+

What coenzyme is used by 3-hydroxyacyl CoA DH in B-oxidation?

Yes

Can unsaturated and odd-numbered fatty acids undergo B-oxidation?

membranes

In what cell locations are unsaturated fatty acids able to be found? They require extra enzymes to undergo B-oxidation.

propionyl CoA

What additional molecule besides acetyl CoA is produced in odd-numbered FA degradation and is then converted to succinyl-CoA to go into TCA?

Ketone bodies

Acetyl CoAs in the liver that are left formed when TCA is inhibited will be converted into what?

3-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate

What are the two main ketone bodies formed in liver mitochondria?

Liver mitochondria

In what organelle in what organ’s cells are ketone bodies made during starvation?

Acetone

What ketone body is made from acetoacetate and is exhaled?

Acetyl CoA

The concentration of what molecule used to make ketone bodies is the main regulating factor in their formation?

HMG CoA

What molecule can be made from either acetoacetyl CoA or acetyl CoA and can be cleaved to make acetoacetate?

HMG CoA Synthase

What enzyme high in the liver mitochondria uses acetyl CoA which is the main regulating factor of ketone body formation?

Thiophorase

What is the term for the enzyme used in muscle cells to convert acetoacetate to acetoacetyl CoA for use in TCA? It is not present in the liver.

No

Can the liver use ketone bodies?