APWH Ultimate Review

Units 1-9

Religious Mysticism

Adherents within religions focusing on mystical experiences that bring them closer to divine - prayer, meditation

Buddhism was founded by \____

Siddhartha Gautama, a young Hindu prince living through 563-483 BCE. He became "enlightened" by giving up worldly possessions and desires

Who was Buddhism directed towards?

People who would be in the lower ranks of the caste system. This religion also rejects the caste system

India's main religion was \____ but then their main religion became \_____

Buddhism, Hinduism

Where did Buddhism thrive?

China, Japan, Southeast Asia

What is the Dharma?

The teachings of the Buddha

How did Buddhism spread?

Through missionaries and traders carried beyond India

Christianity originated in \______ and spread to \_____

Israel \-- Northeast Africa, Europe, Middle East

What was the most influential religion in the Mediterranean during the 3rd century?

Christianity

Christianity was the official religion of which empires?

Roman, Byzantine

Confucianism was found in \____ after \____

China, 400 BCE

Who was Confucianism founded by?

Confucius

What is Confucianism's purpose?

To keep political and social order

5 Fundamental Relations in Confucianism

Ruler-Subject, Parent-Child, Husband-Wife, Friend-Friend, Older-Younger Sibling

Confucianism remained in \___

China & Chinese culture

Where is Hinduism practiced?

India, Nepal, Bangladesh

What do Hindus believe in?

Brahma, the supreme force who created everything

Brahma manifests himself as \____

Vishnu (the preserver), Shiva (the destroyer)

What does following your caste rules do?

Brings you closer to Brahma

Caste system

1. Priests

2. Warriors & Rulers

3. Farmers, Traders & Merchants

4. Laborers

What are the sacred text(s) of Hinduism?

Vedas and Upanishads

Highest state of being in Hinduism?

Moksha

Which religion did Hinduism cause to exist?

Buddhism was brought into existence

Islam is found where?

Caliphates, North Africa, Central Asia, Europe

What is the Qur'an?

Allah's words which were revealed to Muhammad

What are the five pillars of Islam?

Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, Pilgrimage

Who do the Sunnis follow?

Abu-Bakr, Muhammad's father-in-law

Who do the Shias follow?

Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law

First monotheistic faith?

Judaism

Abbasid Dynasty lasted from \_____

750-1258

Where was the Abbasid Dynasty's capital?

Baghdad (present day Iraq)

The Abbasid Dynasty specialized in \____

Mathematics, medicine, trade, science, arts, writings

Abbasid Dynasty was challenged by \_____

Turkish warriors, a Shia dynasty in Iran, Seljuk Turk Sunni group, Persians, Europeans, Byzantines, and Mongols

Who destroyed Baghdad in 1258?

Mongols

Ottoman Turks \____

reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in new Islamic state until 1918

Mamluks

Egyptian group that defeated Mongols in Nazareth, helping preserve Islam in Near East

Middle Ages

Also known as the medieval period, the time between the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century AD and the beginning of the Renaissance in the fourteenth century

The Eastern Roman Empire became \_____

Byzantine Empire

In the Middle ages Western Europe \_____

collapsed while Christianity remained strong

Feudalism

European hierarchy social system of Middle Ages

Feudalist Hierarchy

1. King

2. Nobles

3. Vassals

4. Peasants

Nobles (Europe)

had power over sections of kingdom in exchange for loyalty to king and military service

Vassals (Europe)

lesser lords with sections of Noble land who could divide it further - estates were called fiefs or manors (self-sufficient)

Peasants/Serfs (Europe)

worked the land

Code of Chivalry

condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect

Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

The long conflict between the kingdoms of England and France over the succession of the French throne which unified France

Germany 13th Century

Merchants and tradespeople became more powerful due to the emperor bloodline dying

England 13th Century

Magna Carta was signed, which reinstated nobles and created a foundation for the future parliament

House of Lords

Nobles and clergy who dealt with legal issues

House of Commons

Knights and wealth burghers (wealthy members of bourgeoise) who dealt with trade and taxation

France 12th Century

England began occupying this place causing revolts, Joan of Arc fought to get England out of Orleans

Spain 13th Century

Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married to unite Spain in a single monarchy and forced all residents to convert to Christianity

Spanish Inquisition

A program ordered by the Spanish monarchy to investigate and eliminate heresy in the kingdom

Russia 13th Century

taken over by Tartars under Genghis Kahn - eventually reclaimed by Ivan III who expanded his power and became Tzar

Tartars

Group of Eastern Mongols

Ivan the Terrible (1533-1584)

earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son, and often utilized secret police. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia

The Song Dynasty lasted from \____

960-1279 CE

Song Dynasty used Confucianism to justify \______

subordination of women through things like foot-binding

Neo-Confucianism

Buddhist ideas about soul, filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, loyalty to superiors

Mahayana

one of two Buddhist sects - believes in peaceful and quiet existence apart from worldly values

Chan or Zen

one of the two Buddhist sects - believes in meditation and the appreciation of beauty

Feudal Hierarchy in Japan (1192)

Emperor

Shogun (chief general)

Daimyo: owners of larger pieces of land, powerful samurai (like knights)

Lesser samurai (like vassals)

Peasants and artisans

Daimyo

Followed Code of Bushido code of conduct - loyalty, courage, honour

Rajput Kingdoms

several Hindu governments that united to resist Muslim forces from 1191 until eventual takeover in 1527

Religious conflict in Northern India

Hinduism (polytheistic) and Islam (monotheistic) were at odds due to their incompatible and existence in the area

Sukhothai Kingdom (Thailand)

religion was Theravada Buddhist

Vijayanagara Empire

Located in southern India, Hindu

Sinhala Dynasties

Located in modern-day Sri Lanka, alternated between Hindu and Buddhist rulers

Sukhothai Kingdom (Sumatra)

Buddhist, converted to Islam at the end of the 13th century

Majapahit Empire

Located on Java which is modern-day Indonesia. Officially Hindu w/ Buddhists citizens. Islam came in the 15th century and took over within 100 years

Khmer Empire

Hindu Empire in modern day Cambodia, Laos, Thailand - beliefs spread through the Indian Ocean trade network

Developments in Africa

Islamic Empire spread in the 7th to 8th centuries - travelled through Sahara Desert and reached the wealthy sub-Saharan - explosive growth in trade

Hausa Kingdoms

Islam region, achieved economic stability and religious influence though long trade (salt and leather) - notably city of Kano - began to fall in the 18th century due to internal conflicts/wars

3 civilizations in central/south america

Mayas, Incas, Aztecs

Aztecs

Arrived in Mexico in mid 1200s - population of 12 million people with trade flourishing but many people were enslaved - expansionist policy with strict army

What was the Aztecs capital city?

Tenochtitlan

Aztec Women's Rights

were subordinate but could inherit property

Incas

Located in the Andes mountains (Peru) - population between 6-14 million - developed system of roads and tunnels - expansionist - Polytheistic religion (\#1: Sun God), sacrificed people

Women's Rights in the Inca Empire

were important and could pass on property to daughters

Capital of Inca Empire

Cuzco - population of 300,000 in the late 1400s

Burghers

a social class of merchants and craftsmen who lived in towns during the Middle Ages. They were typically wealthy and influential members of society who played a significant role in the development of trade and commerce in Europe.

Hanseatic League

a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in Northwestern and Central Europe that dominated trade in the Baltic Sea from the 13th to the 17th century

Architecture went from BLANK to BLANK

Romanesque, Gothic

Scholasticism

growth of education and knowledge - founding of universities for men; philosophy, law, medicine study; ideas of Muslims and Greeks - came in conflict with religion

The Crusades (11th-14th century)

military campaigns by European Christians to convert Muslims and non-Christians, combat religious questioning

Heresies

religious practices/beliefs not conforming to traditional church doctrine

Pope Innocent III

issued strict decrees on church doctrine - frequently persecuted heretics and Jews, unsuccessful 4th crusade

Pope Gregory IX

Inquisition (formal interrogation and prosecution of perceived heretics with punishments like excommunication, torture, execution) - church often referred to as **Universal Church** or **Church Militant**

Thomas Aquinas (1225-74)

Christian theologian who made advancements in Christian thought - faith and reason aren’t in conflict

Urbanization was caused by?

existing European cities like Paris, cities on trade routes became popular