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Personality
The individual differences in characteristics, behaviors, thoughts, and emotional responses that make someone unique.
Self-report
A method of gathering information about an individual's personality traits through their own responses, typically via questionnaires or surveys.
MMPI
A standardized psychometric test used to assess personality traits and psychopathology.
Validity scales (MMPI)
Scales designed to assess the truthfulness and consistency of responses, identifying potential distortions in self-reports.
Strengths of self-report
Ease of administration and cost-effectiveness.
Weaknesses of self-report
Potential biases such as social desirability and lack of insight.
Projective tests
Psychological assessments that use ambiguous stimuli to elicit responses revealing an individual’s personality, motivations, and desires.
Rorschach Inkblot Test
A projective test that asks individuals to interpret inkblots to assess their personality and emotional functioning.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
A projective test involving telling stories about ambiguous pictures to reveal underlying motives and concerns.
Criticisms of projective tests
Lack of scientific reliability and validity, subjectivity in interpretation, and limited predictive power.
Trait
A stable characteristic or quality that influences the way an individual behaves across various situations.
Goal of the trait approach
To describe and measure individual differences in personality traits.
Big Five dimensions
The five traits that include Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
Twin studies and personality traits
Indicate many personality traits are heritable, showing significant genetic contributions even when twins are raised apart.
Psychodynamic approach
Regards personality as shaped by unconscious motives, conflicts, and childhood experiences.
Id, ego, superego
____ is driven by primal desires; ____ mediates between reality and desires; ____ is the moral conscience.
Anxiety from unwanted thoughts
Can result in distress managed through defense mechanisms.
Repression
A defense mechanism that involves unconsciously blocking unwanted memories or feelings from consciousness.
Defense mechanisms
Psychological strategies employed by the ego to manage anxiety from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.
Rationalization
Justifying behaviors with logical reasons instead of emotional ones.
Reaction Formation
Converting unwanted or dangerous thoughts into their opposites.
Projection
Attributing one's own undesirable thoughts to others.
Regression
Retreating to an earlier stage of development in response to stress.
Displacement
Redirecting emotions from a dangerous object to a safer one.
Identification
Associating with a group to boost self-esteem.
Sublimation
Transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions.
Psychosexual stages of development
Stages include Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages.
Oedipus complex
The theory proposing a child's feelings of desire for the opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward the same-sex parent.
Humanistic and existential approaches
Focus on personal growth, free will, and the individual's subjective experience.
Self-actualizing tendency
The inherent drive to realize one's potential and achieve personal growth.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Outlines five levels of needs: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.
Flow
A psychological state of being fully immersed and engaged in an activity.
Existential approach
Emphasizes individual existence, freedom, choice, and the quest for meaning.
Social cognitive approach
Emphasizes the role of observational learning and personal factors in shaping personality.
Person-situation controversy
Examines the influence of situational factors versus personality traits in determining behavior.
Personality consistency
Observed when individuals respond similarly across different situations that evoke similar traits.
Internal locus of control
Belief that one has personal control over their life events.
External locus of control
Belief that fate, luck, or external forces dictate one's circumstances.
Self-concept
A collection of beliefs about oneself, encompassing self-identity, attributes, and roles.
Self-schemas and social identity
Two ways the self-concept is organized.
Self-verification
The process of seeking confirmation of one's self-concept through interactions.
Self-esteem
An individual’s evaluation of their own worth, influenced by feelings of self-respect.
Moderately high self-esteem
Related to greater happiness and better mental health outcomes.
Self-serving bias
Tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.
Narcissism
Characterized by excessive self-love, vanity, and need for admiration.