Chapter 11

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45 Terms

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Personality

The individual differences in characteristics, behaviors, thoughts, and emotional responses that make someone unique.

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Self-report

A method of gathering information about an individual's personality traits through their own responses, typically via questionnaires or surveys.

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MMPI

A standardized psychometric test used to assess personality traits and psychopathology.

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Validity scales (MMPI)

Scales designed to assess the truthfulness and consistency of responses, identifying potential distortions in self-reports.

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Strengths of self-report

Ease of administration and cost-effectiveness.

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Weaknesses of self-report

Potential biases such as social desirability and lack of insight.

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Projective tests

Psychological assessments that use ambiguous stimuli to elicit responses revealing an individual’s personality, motivations, and desires.

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Rorschach Inkblot Test

A projective test that asks individuals to interpret inkblots to assess their personality and emotional functioning.

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test involving telling stories about ambiguous pictures to reveal underlying motives and concerns.

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Criticisms of projective tests

Lack of scientific reliability and validity, subjectivity in interpretation, and limited predictive power.

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Trait

A stable characteristic or quality that influences the way an individual behaves across various situations.

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Goal of the trait approach

To describe and measure individual differences in personality traits.

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Big Five dimensions

The five traits that include Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

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Twin studies and personality traits

Indicate many personality traits are heritable, showing significant genetic contributions even when twins are raised apart.

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Psychodynamic approach

Regards personality as shaped by unconscious motives, conflicts, and childhood experiences.

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Id, ego, superego

____ is driven by primal desires; ____ mediates between reality and desires; ____ is the moral conscience.

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Anxiety from unwanted thoughts

Can result in distress managed through defense mechanisms.

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Repression

A defense mechanism that involves unconsciously blocking unwanted memories or feelings from consciousness.

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Defense mechanisms

Psychological strategies employed by the ego to manage anxiety from unacceptable thoughts or feelings.

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Rationalization

Justifying behaviors with logical reasons instead of emotional ones.

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Reaction Formation

Converting unwanted or dangerous thoughts into their opposites.

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Projection

Attributing one's own undesirable thoughts to others.

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Regression

Retreating to an earlier stage of development in response to stress.

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Displacement

Redirecting emotions from a dangerous object to a safer one.

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Identification

Associating with a group to boost self-esteem.

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Sublimation

Transforming unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable actions.

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Psychosexual stages of development

Stages include Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital stages.

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Oedipus complex

The theory proposing a child's feelings of desire for the opposite-sex parent and jealousy toward the same-sex parent.

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Humanistic and existential approaches

Focus on personal growth, free will, and the individual's subjective experience.

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Self-actualizing tendency

The inherent drive to realize one's potential and achieve personal growth.

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Outlines five levels of needs: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

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Flow

A psychological state of being fully immersed and engaged in an activity.

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Existential approach

Emphasizes individual existence, freedom, choice, and the quest for meaning.

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Social cognitive approach

Emphasizes the role of observational learning and personal factors in shaping personality.

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Person-situation controversy

Examines the influence of situational factors versus personality traits in determining behavior.

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Personality consistency

Observed when individuals respond similarly across different situations that evoke similar traits.

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Internal locus of control

Belief that one has personal control over their life events.

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External locus of control

Belief that fate, luck, or external forces dictate one's circumstances.

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Self-concept

A collection of beliefs about oneself, encompassing self-identity, attributes, and roles.

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Self-schemas and social identity

Two ways the self-concept is organized.

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Self-verification

The process of seeking confirmation of one's self-concept through interactions.

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Self-esteem

An individual’s evaluation of their own worth, influenced by feelings of self-respect.

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Moderately high self-esteem

Related to greater happiness and better mental health outcomes.

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Self-serving bias

Tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and failures to external factors.

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Narcissism

Characterized by excessive self-love, vanity, and need for admiration.