Studied by 14 peopleProtons
Electrical charge is positive
mass is 1
is positioned inside the nucleus
Neutron
Electrical charge is neutral
mass compared to proton is 1
is located inside the nucleus
Electron
Electrical charge is negative
mass compared to proton is 1/1840
is located outside of the nucleus
Atomic number
The atomic number is the same as the number of protons in an atom.
Neutral atoms
there are equal Protons to electrons and the atom is electrically neutral, its overall charge is zero.
Electrical force
Keeps any wandering protons and electrons together to form and atom.
Why are neutrons important?
Neutrons create a strong nuclear force that stops protons from pushing other protons out of the atom.
Negative Ions
an atom with a negative ion has more electrons than protons.
Positive Ion
if an atom has a Positive ion it has more protons than electrons.
mass number (equation)
mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons.
Isoptopes
when the same atom has different mass numbers (different number of neutrons).
The atom will break if the mass number is too high.
Physical changes
Change of position, shape, size or state (solid liquid gas).
Chemical changes
Disappearance of a solid, formation of a new solid or change in temperature.
Molecule
A group of atoms bonded together
Mixture
A combination of substances that can be physically seperated.
Chemical bond
An attractive force that holds two atoms together.
What is an Ion?
An atom or molecule that has gained or lost electrons giving it an overall electric charge.
Acids
Contains hydrogen ions (H+)
Common properties:
sour, react with metals, corrosive, dissolves in water
lower concentration.
bases
Contains hydroxide ions (OH-)
Common properties:
Solid or liquids, alkali (dissolves in water), soapy or slippery, bitter, corrosive.
higher concentration
Neutralization
acid + base → water + salt
when an equal amount of acid and base is added to make a neutral substance which is most likely water and it always leaves a salt formation.
ocean acidification
When the ocean absorbs carbon dioxide in the air. ocean becomes more acidic. sea creature’s metabolism is affected. Shells dissolve and turn rubbery.
Carbonic acid
carbon dioxide + water → carbonic acid
Carbonic acid in water solution
carbonic acid → bicarbonate + hydrogen ion
Combustion reactions
Oxygen + fuel → other products + energy
Hydrocarbons
Methane -CH4
Ethane - C2H6
Propane - C3H8
Butane - C4H10
Corrosion
Iron + Oxygen → iron oxide + energy
not normally considered a chemical reaction. Reaction is so slow the release of energy (heat) is not seen.
Incomplete combustion
more oxygen means more release of energy. more oxygen atoms can react with the reactant’s atoms.
Carbon reacts to make carbon dioxide.
hydrogen reacts to make water.
if not enough oxygen, it becomes an incomplete combustion.
Radiation Def
The energy that is released because of electromagnetic waves.
Radiation examples
visible light - non-ionizing - Make lasers.
Infrared - non-ionizing - heat sensors, thermal imaging, night vision.
microwaves - non-ionizing - heat food.
Ultraviolet - ionizing
X-rays - ionizing - images of tissue, organs, bones and teeth.
Gamma rays - ionizing
Ionizing radiation
When on impact the radiation rips electrons in atoms away.
Electromagnetic/wave radiation
no mass
no electric charge
travels at the speed of light in a vacuum (space)
ionizing or non-ionizing (depends on energy)
Alpha particles
two protons and two neutrons stuck together.
Large mass moves slowly.
Beta particles
High energy electrons.
Little mass, moves quickly.
Radiation particles
Has mass
positive, negative or neutral charge.
Alpha radiation
Positive charge of 2, no electrons only protons, strongly ionizing.
Gamma radiation
radiation of electromagnetic waves, no mass, no charge, weakly ionizing, emitted after alpha or beta radiation.
Beta radiation
Negative charge of -1, no protons only neutrons, no mass, high speeds.
Note
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