AP Human Geography Chapters 13-14 Vocabulary

Bid-rent theory

Land value decreases as distance from the city center increases.

Von Thünen model

Farming arranged in rings around a market based on cost and transport.

Bid-price curve

Shows how much land users are willing to pay at different distances.

Isotropic plain

Flat, uniform land with no physical barriers.

Feedlots

Confined livestock operations focused on rapid weight gain.

Luxury crops

High-value crops grown mainly for export (coffee, cocoa).

Horticulture

Growing fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants.

Factory farming

Industrialized agriculture with high inputs and output.

Aquaculture (aquafarming)

Raising fish or aquatic organisms in controlled settings.

Terrace farming

Step-like farming on hills to reduce erosion.

Slash-and-burn agriculture

Clearing land by cutting and burning vegetation.

Monoculture

Growing a single crop species over a large area.

Intercropping (multicropping)

Growing multiple crops on the same land.

Double cropping

Harvesting two crops from one field in one year.

Urban farming

Growing food within cities.

Vertical farms

Indoor, stacked farming systems.

Hydroponics

Growing plants without soil using nutrient water.

Overgrazing

Excessive grazing that damages land.

Agribusiness

Large-scale, corporate-controlled farming.

Capital-intensive

Farming requiring heavy investment in machinery and tech.

Labor-intensive

Farming that relies heavily on human labor.

Economies of scale

Lower costs achieved by producing larger quantities.

Comparative advantage

Ability to produce a good more efficiently than others.

Free-market economy

Economy with little government control over prices.

Tariff

Tax on imported goods.

Quota

Limit on imports or production.

Subsidies

Government payments to support farmers.

Commodity chain

Steps a product takes from production to consumption.

Supply chain

Network that produces, processes, and distributes goods.

Cool chains

Refrigerated supply chains for perishable food.

Transnational corporations

Companies operating in multiple countries.

Neocolonialism

Economic control of poorer countries by richer ones.

Fair trade movement

Promotes ethical wages and conditions for producers.

Food distribution system

How food moves from farm to consumer.

Food processing

Converting raw crops into food products.

Food desert

Area lacking access to healthy, affordable food.

Food insecurity

Lack of reliable access to enough food.

Local-food movement

Encourages eating food grown nearby.

Community gardens

Shared local spaces for growing food.

Community-supported agriculture (CSA)

Consumers buy shares of a farm's harvest.

Carrying capacity

Maximum population an area can sustain.

Desertification

Fertile land turning into desert.

Deforestation

Clearing forests for human use.

Land cover change

Human alteration of Earth's surface.

Wetlands

Water-saturated land supporting ecosystems.

Salinization

Salt buildup in soil from irrigation.

GMOs

Organisms genetically altered for desired traits.

Blue Revolution

Growth of aquaculture to increase food supply.

Center-pivot irrigation

Circular irrigation system rotating from a center point.

Irrigation

Artificial watering of crops.

Gender inequality

Unequal treatment based on gender.

Gender-specific obstacles

Challenges faced more by one gender.

Value-added crops

Crops processed to increase value.

Value-added farming

Increasing profit by processing or branding farm goods.

Crop gap

Difference between potential and actual crop yield.