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Define Decision-making
A cognitive process of selecting a course of action from a set of available options
Define Thinking
A cognitive process of generating and manipulating mental representations to make sense of information, solve problems, and make decisions.
Thinking influenced by what?
Prior knowledge, motivation, emotion, and social context
How can thinking occur
Conscious or unconscious, deliberate or automatic
Models to represent processes of thinking
Simplified representation or abstraction of a complex system or phenomenon, which allows individuals to understand, predict, and manipulate behaviours
Two different types of models
Normative and Descriptive
Normative Models
Refer to decision-making models that describe the ideal or optimal way to make decisions, based on a set of logical principles or criteria.
Descriptive Models
Theoretical frameworks - aim to depict and understand how individuals actually make decisions
instead of prescribing how they should make decisions
Normative models are unrealistic because
Due to:
Limited computational capacity
Influence of emotion on thinking
Heuristics
Instead of normative - use shortcuts
Heuristics - Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that people use to simplify complex decision-making processes
What do heuristics lead to
Heuristics = cognitive biases
Who proposed system one and system two thinking
Daniel Kahneman 2003
System 1
Fast, instinctive
Uses mental shortcuts and heuristics to quickly make judgements
Survival
Multiple tasks simultaneously
Prone to cog bias
System 2
Slower, deliberate, conscious
Uses logical reasoning and analytical thinking to make judgements
Used for complex problem-solving
Essential for decisions from sustained attention
