Ultimate Guide: AP EU History

Georgio Vasari

A 16th-century painter, architect, and writer. He used the Italian word rinascita (rebirth) to describe the Renaissance era.

rinascita

means rebirth; used to describe Renaissance era

printing press

In the mid-15th century, the \_____ was invented which allowed these cultural trends to spread to other parts of Europe.

secular concerns

Italian Renaissance writers — focused on \_____.

religious concerns

Northern Europe Renaissance writers — focused on \_____.

1341

Petrarch crowned Poet Laureate in Rome

Renaissance Italy's City-states

Located at the heart of Europe's economic, political, and cultural life during the 14th to 15th century.

Holy Roman Empire

They were in control of the town of northern Italy during the Middle Ages.

Ciompi Revolt

A revolt formed by the Popolo who expressed their dissatisfaction with the political and economic order by staging a violent struggle against the government in Florence.

Medici

This family used their banking wealth to establish themselves as the Florentine republic's behind-the-scenes rulers and later as hereditary dukes of the city.

Mediterranean

Central Italy in the \______ was ideal for creating links between the Greek culture of the East and the Latin culture of the West.

Roman Empire

Southern Italy had been home to many Greek colonies and later served as the center of the \_______.

Classic Civilization

\_______ has never disappeared to the Italian mainland.

Francesco Petrarch

Considered the founder of humanism His goal is to write in the Ciceronian style. His works inspired the ‘civic humanists’ — a group of young wealthy Florentines.

Cicero

a philosopher and a politician who provided accounts of the collapse of the Roman Republic.

Oration on the Dignity of Man

written by Pico Della Mirandola; expressed here is the positive Platonic view of human potential.

Florentine Platonic Academy

which is sponsored by Cosimo de Medici; merged platonic philosophy with Christianity to Neoplatonism.

Renaissance Man:

A person who knew several languages, was familiar with classical literature, and was also skilled in arts

Lorenzo Valla

He realized that languages can tell a history all their own. He proved that the Donation of Constantine turned control of the western half of his empire over to the papacy, and could not have been written by Constantine.

Vulgate Bible

The standard Latin Bible of the Middle Ages.

Leonardo Bruni

He was affected that women don’t have access to humanist teachings. He established an educational program for women — tellingly left out of his curriculum the study of rhetoric — those critical parts of male education.

Christine de Pisan

A daughter of the physician to the French King Charles V. She wrote The City of Ladies (1405) to counter the popular notion that women were inferior to men and incapable of making moral choices.

Christine de Pisan

She wrote that women have to go out of their comfort zones or move to a “City of Ladies” to flourish their abilities.

individualism

With the rise of \_____, Renaissance artists have significant individuals in their own right.

Filippo Brunelleschi

\_______’s Dome over the Cathedral of Florence — the first dome to be completed in western Europe since the downfall of the Roman Empire.

Fresco

A method of art painting that is done on wet plaster or tempera on wood.

Oil Painting

It was developed in northern Europe and became the dominant method in Italy.

Chiaroscuro

The use of contrasts between light and dark, to create three-dimensional images.

Single-point perspective

A painting style that enables painters to create more realistic environments for their work by having all of the features converge at one point in the distance.

Late Renaissance Manerism

High–Renaissance other terms.

twisted figures and muddled concepts

High–Renaissance’s artworks featured \_________, which may have represented the growing sense of crisis in the Italian world as a result of both political and religious issues.

Leonardo da Vinci

Labeled as a Renaissance man. He was a military engineer, an architect, a sculptor, a scientist, and an inventor whose sketchbooks reveal a remarkable mind that came up with workable designs for submarines and helicopters.

Raphael

He came from the beautiful Renaissance city of Urbino and died at the early age of 37. Aside from his wonderfully gentle images of Jesus and Mary, he connects his times to the classical past in “The School of Athens”, which depicts Plato and Aristotle standing together in a fanciful classical structure and employs the deep, single-point perspective.

Michelangelo

He was tasked to create a tomb for Julius II himself. Julius II also employed him to work at the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. He exemplified in his final work in the Sistine Chapel, the brilliant yet disturbing Final Judgment.

David

One of Michelangelo’s sculptural masterpieces was commissioned by Florence, as a propaganda work to inspire the citizens in their long struggle against the overwhelming might of Milan.

Northern Renaissance

A more religious movement than the Italian Renaissance.

Christian Humanists

These are northern writers who criticized their mother church.

In Praise of Folly

Erasmus used satire as a means of criticizing what he thought were the problems of the Church.

Handbook of Christian Knight

Erasmus emphasized in this work the idea of inner faith as opposed to the outer forms of worship.

Acts of the Apostles

Erasmus also made a Latin Translation of the New Testament — it helped understand the life of the early Christians through its close textual analysis of the \_______.

Sir Thomas More

He is a friend of Erasmus. He wrote the classic work Utopia. He also coined the word utopia, which means ‘nowhere.’

Sir Thomas More

He was very critical of some church practices, but in the end, he gave his life to uphold his convictions. He was put to death because he refused to swear an oath recognizing Henry as Head of the Church of England.

Albrecht Dürer

A brilliant draftsman, whose woodcuts powerfully lent support to the doctrinal revolution brought about by his fellow German Martin Luther.

England

The greatest achievements in the arts in Northern Europe in the 16th to 17th centuries — took place in \______.

Elizabeth Renaissance

Explains the emergence of the sheer number of men possessing exceptional talent during the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

Shakespeare

Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson — though they were both writers of significant repute, this age produced an unrivaled genius— \________.

William Shakespeare

He only had a basic education. He was able to write plays like King Lear and Hamlet, which exhibit an unmatched comprehension of the human psyche and a genius for dramatic intensity.

Johannes Gutenberg

He introduced a movable type of printing press to western Europe. Between 1452 and 1453, he printed approximately 200 Bibles. He spent a great deal of money making his Bibles as ornate as any handwritten version.

Protestant Reformation

This movement caused a great split in Western Christendom, displacing the pope as Europe's sole religious authority.

Catholic Reformation

Although it took decades, the \________ movement took a response to the protestants’ challenge.

Black Death

A ferocious outbreak of plague, struck the population of Europe.

Simony

The selling of churches.

John Wycliffe

In England, \______ questioned the Church's material wealth, the miracle of sacramental, and penance doctrines, and, in a foretaste of Luther's ideas, the sale of indulgences.

Jan Hus

In Bohemia, \______ led a revolt that combined religious and nationalistic elements.

Council of Constance

Jan Hus was called before the \_______ in 1415 by Pope Martin V, though he was promised a safe passage, he was condemned as a heretic and burnt at the stake.

indulgences

The first issue that brought attention to Luther was the debate over \______.

Albert of Hohenzollern,

In 1517, \________ who had already held two bishoprics, was offered the Archbishopric of Mainz.

Johann Tetzel

He was sent to preach indulgence throughout Germany with the famous phrase “As soon as the gold in the basin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs.”

95 Theses

Luther was horrified by the behavior of Tetzel and tacked up his \________ on the Castle Church at Wittenberg, the medieval way of indicating that an issue should be debated.

John Eck

A prominent theologian that challenged Luther. He called Luther a Hussite.

Address to the Christian Nobility

In his \__________, Luther urged that a secular government had the right to reform the Church.

On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church

In his, \_________________ Luther attacked other teachings of the Church, such as the sacraments.

Liberty of a Christian Man

In his \_________, Luther hit on what would become the basic elements of Lutheran belief: grace is the sole gift of God; therefore, one is saved by faith alone, and the Bible is the sole source of this faith.

papal bull

The Pope issued a \__________ (an official decree) that demanded that Luther recant the ideas found in his writings or be burnt as a heretic.

Frederick, the Elector of Saxony

\__________ was sympathetic to Luther’s ideas or at least wanted him to be given a public hearing.

Diet of Worms

In 1521, Luther appeared before the \_______ — a meeting of the German nobility.

transubstantiation

he miraculous transformation of the bread and wine into the flesh and blood of Christ, an act that could be performed only by an ordained priest.

Philip Melanchthon

Luther and his friend \_________ decided to establish a new church free of papal control based on his revolutionary ideas.

monasticism clergy celibacy

Luther also abolished the practice of \_________ and the requirement of \_________.

Protestantism

The term today is used very broadly and means any non-Catholic or non-Eastern Orthodox Christian faith.

Diet of Speyer

Protestantism originally referred to a group of Lutherans who attended the \__________ in 1529 in an attempt to reach an agreement with the Catholic Church but ended up "protesting" the final document that was drafted at its end.

German Peasants’ Revolt

The revolt arose as a result of the German peasants' intensifying economic circumstances and their belief, articulated in the Twelve Articles, that Luther's call for a "priesthood of all believers" was a message of social egalitarianism. The revolt and the distortion of his ideas horrified Luther.

Against the Robbing and Murderous Hordes of Peasants

Luther published a violently angry tract entitled “\__________” in which he urged that no mercy be shown to the revolutionaries.

Emperor Maximilian

When \_______ died in 1519, his grandson and heir Charles V was caught in a struggle with French King Francis I to see who would sit on the imperial throne.

Charles V

When Emperor Maximilian died in 1519, his grandson and heir \________ was caught in a struggle with French King Francis I to see who would sit on the imperial throne.

Francis I

When Emperor Maximilian died in 1519, his grandson and heir Charles V was caught in a struggle with French King \_____ to see who would sit on the imperial throne.

Ottoman Empire

Charles V was unable to deal with the revolt in Germany because he was involved in extended wars with France and with the \___________.

Schmalkaldic War

In the 1540s, \______ was fought between Charles and some of the Protestant princes.

Peace of Augsburg

For a time Charles has the upper hand, he was forced to sign the \_________ by 1555.

Peace of Augsburg

This treaty granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in those territories ruled by a Lutheran ruler, while a Catholic ruler ensured that the territory remained Catholic.

Radical Reformation

Describes a variety of religious sects that developed during the 16th century, inspired in part by Luther’s challenge to the established Church.

Anabaptists

A group who denied the idea of infant baptism.

Rebaptism

It was declared a capital offense throughout the Holy Roman Empire, something on which both the pope and Luther heartily agreed.

Antitrinitarians

A group who denied the scriptural validity of the Trinity, were part of the Radical Reformation.

Ulrich Zwingli

His teachings began to make an impact on the residents of the Swiss city of Zurich. He accused monks of indolence and high living.

Ulrich Zwingli

In 1519, he specifically rejected the veneration of saints and called for the need to distinguish between factual and fictional accounts of their lives. He announced that unbaptized children were not damned to eternal life. He also questioned the power of ex-communication.

John Calvin

His main ideas are found in his Institutes of the Christian Religion — he argued that grace was bestowed on relatively few individuals, and the rest were consigned to hell.

Calvinism

\____ began to spread rapidly in the 1540s and 1550s, becoming the established church in Scotland.

Huguenots

In France, the Calvinists were known as \_____.

dynamic Calvinism

In the mid-16th century, it was the \______ that stood in opposition to a newly aggressive Catholic Church during the Catholic Counter-Reformation.

pilgrims

In the shipbuilding capital of Europe, they saved enough money to build a pair of ships, which they used to sail across the Atlantic Ocean, where they established a new colony in Massachusetts — the \_____.

Henry VIII

A powerful English Monarch was supportive of the Catholic Church. He criticized Luther by writing a pamphlet — The Defence of the Seven Sacraments. He was never comfortable with Protestant Theology.

King’s Great Matter

The story of the English Reformation begins with what became known as the “\_______,” which involved King Henry VIII’s attempt to end his marriage to his Spanish wife, Catherine of Aragon.

Catherine of Aragon

The story of the English Reformation begins with what became known as the “King’s Great Matter,” which involved King Henry VIII’s attempt to end his marriage to his Spanish wife, \_____.

Reformation Parliament

In November 1529, Henry VIII began the \_______. He used a tool to give him ultimate authority on religious matters.

Act in Restraint of Appeals

In April 1533, Parliament enacted a statute, “\______” — which declared that all spiritual cases within the kingdom were within the king’s jurisdiction and authority and not the pope’s.

Elizabeth Tudor

In September 1533, Anne Boleyn’s child was born, but it was a baby girl, \_____.

Edward

Since Henry was desperate to have a male heir, he was married a total of six times — until his third wife, Jane Seymour, gave birth to \________.

Church of England

In 1534, the English Reformation was restricted by the Act of Supremacy, which recognized the King of England as the Supreme Head of what became known as the \________.

Edward V

The brief reign of his son \______ (r. 1574–1553) saw an attempt to institute genuine Protestant theology into the church that Henry had created.