Biology Chapter 29

What are ancestral traits?

Old shared traits due to common ancestor

What are charophytes?

Green algae that are the closest relatives of land plants

What are land plants?

Photosynthetic organisms

What are three ancestral traits that charophytes and land plants have in common?

1. Structures used to make cellulose in a ring shape

2. Similar sperm flagella (tail)

3. Same phragmoplasts- microtubules put down to make cell wall

What are pros to living on land?

Sunlight for photosynthesis, more CO2 for photosynthesis, no predators (herbivories) at first, good nutrients in soil

What are cons to living on land?

Limited water, no structural support to keep upright, reproduction is harder because water is needed for sperm to swim

What is the structure of charophytes that helped them transition to land plants?

Sporopollenin

What is sporopollenin?

Tough, hyrdrophobic material found in both charophytes and plant spores (ancestral) prevents water loss

What is alternation of generations?

Swtich between 2 stages (sporophyte and gametophyte)

Alternation of generations steps:

SPOROPHYTE → meiosis → SPORE → mitosis → GAMETOPHYTE → mitosis → GAMETE + FERTILIZATION → zygote → mitosis → repeat

Besides alternation of generation, what are the other four derived traits of land plants?

What three types of plants are in the bryophyte group?

What is the relationship between gametophyte and the sporophyte in bryophytes?

The gametophyte is dominant (always there) while the sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for survival

What is an example of a bryophyte with a relationship between gametophyte and the sporophyte?

Moss

Why are bryophytes so small?

They have no vascular tissue

Why do bryophytes live in moist habitats?

To get water from ground and for the flagellated sperm to swim to reach to egg

What are derived traits?

Traits that appear in only some organisms later in time

What are five derived traits of seedless vascular plants?

1. Sporphyte is dominant while gametophyte is small independent

2. Vascular tissue for more food and water long distances

3. Roots to anchor plants, absorb food/water

4. Leaves for more surface area to absorb sunlight

5. Sprophylls (leaves with spores)

What are the parts of vascular tissue of seedless vascular plants?

Xylem and Phloem

What does the xylem do?

Transport water and material

What does phloem do?

Transport food

Why do vascular plants usually live in moist habitats?

Both bryophytes and seedless vascular plants need water for reproduction

Why can seedless vascular plants grow tall?

Vascular tissue helps plants grow tallW

What is ligin?

Woody part of plants that gives structural support

What are two phyla of seedless vascular plants?

Lycophyte and monilophytes

What are lycophytes?

Club mosses, spike mosses, and quill worts

What are monilophytes?

Ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails

What are most closely related to monilophytes?

Seeded plants