Long-term Memory (part 1)

Flashcards about Long-term Memory (part 1) lecture notes

Short-term memory (STM)

Duration only 20-30 seconds; Small amount of information

Long-term memory (LTM)

Minutes to decades; Vast amounts of information

Amnesic patients

Severe impairments to long-term memory; No problem with short-term memory

How is long-term memory stored or coded?

Semantic information

Hermann Ebbinghaus

First to systematically research human learning and memory

Savings score

Reduction of trials required on relearning phase

Retrieval cue

Point to (lead to recovery) of target memory

Proactive Interference (PI)

Old (A-B) interferes with new (A-C)

Retroactive Interference (RI)

New (A-C) interferes with old (A-B)

Categorization

Tendency to create clusters of items from randomized presentation – natural categorization tendency

Encoding Specificity

Includes some context during encoding; Surrounding information (aside from target)

State-dependent memory

Recall is generally better when in the same state as encoding (drunk/sober)

Spacing Effect

Recall is best when repetition is spaced out

Serial position curve (Ebbinghaus)

Primacy effect (LTM); Recency effect (STM)

Maintenance rehearsal

Low-level – repetitive information recycling

Elaborative rehearsal

Complex – uses meaning/semantic info

Shallow processing

Attention only to structural & phonemic info

Deep processing

Think about semantics

Method of loci

Learner to imagine a series of locations in a sequence

Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT)

Failure of retrieval; Unable to express or name word(s); Feeling of imminent retrieval