Physiology Exam 2 Not on WB

anterior pituitary

made of epithelial tissue

posterior pituitary

made of neurons

tropic hormones

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

gonadotropins 

LH and FSH

gonadotropins 

sex organs

GH

growth hormone

GH and PRL

directly affect a cell, not a tropic hormone

growth hormone

tells growth plates to expand and grow the body

hypothalamus hormones

release more hormones that go to anterior pituitary and tells it to/not to release more hormones

est and tost

negative feedback loop 

neg fl

Est and tost tell hypothalamus to stop releasing GnRH, FSH and LH aren’t released, ovaries and testes stop releasing est and tost, causes levels to fall  

hypothalamus hormones

PRH, PIH, TRH, CRH, GHRH, GHIH, GNRH

anterior pituitary hormones

prolactin, TSH, ACTH, GH, LH, FSH

gonads

testes, ovaries, hormonal stimulus

testes

secrete testosterone and produce sperm

ovaries

secrete estrogen and produce eggs 

neuron

electrical impulse that releases neurotransmitters

neurotransmitter

chemical messenger releases by neuon and binds to the next neuron

hormones

neurons release these and go into the blood

deviation

resets at baseline

low test and est

hypothalamus keeps releasing GnRH, releases FSH and LH, produces these still

type 2 diabetes

blood sugar rises after meal and cells can’t uptake glucose from blood due to no binding of insulin

systemic inflammation of cells

insulin can’t affectively bind to receptors and activate pathways 

elevated blood sugar

can lead to heart disease and hypertension

melatonin

• lack of light stimulates release from pineal gland

• “third eye” bc neurons activate it

secondary endocrine organs 

• primary function is not releasing hormones 

• still produces hormones 

secondary endocrine organs 

heart, kidneys, liver, GI tract, skin

plasma hormone level factors

• rate of hormone secretion

• amount of hormone transported bound to carrier proteins

• rate of hormonal removal

rate of hormone secretion

hormonal- more GnRH increases FSH and LH, rate increases 

humoral- low Ca and parathyroid hormone, rate decreases

amount of hormone transported bound to carrier proteins

hydrophobic and hydrophilic 

hydrophobic hormone

free hormone is not bound to carrier protein and is the only part that influences levels

free hormones

need a lot to have a great affect

rate of hormonal removal 

• removed by cell they target

• endocytosis removes hormones from the blood

hydrophilic hormones

dissolve in blood plasma and all of it can affect levels of blood

hydrophobic rate of removal 

tend to stay in blood longer due to carrier proteins 

hydrophilic rate of removal 

removed very fast 

• insulin

hypersecretion

looking at hormone that has direct impact on a cell

secondary hypersecretion

secondary organ releases too much of a hormone

secondary hypersecretion

• increasing cortisol isn’t inhibiting release of ACTH

• too much ACTH due to abnormal anterior pituitary 

primary hypersecretion

organ that oversecretes

primary hypersecretion

• cortisol is oversecreted by adrenal gland

• little ACTH in blood bc cortisol inhibits it

anabolic steroids

increases testosterone that is supposed to inhibit release of GnRH

• don’t secrete LH and FSH

anabolic steroids

natural production stops but injections keep levels high

• primary hypersecretion

stop steroids

low testosterone so hypothalamus stays inhibited

• GnRH, LH, FSH stay low

hormone receptor binding

causes different actions depending on target cell

ADH binding

increases H20 absorption by kidney epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells contract 

blood glucose binding

regulated by insulin, glucagon, epi, cortisol, growth hormone

antagonism

• 2 hormones do opposite things

• calcitonin and PTH

additive 

• 2 hormones do similar functions but have the same total effect 

• cortisol and GH

synergistic

• 2 hormones do similar functions and have a greater effect

• FSH and testosterone

permissiveness

• need 1 hormone for the other to work

• epi and thyroid hormone

diffusion through channels

needs pore or channel to pass through membrane without energy

osmosis

diffusion through channels

more solute 

higher osmotic pressure 

osmolarity

total solute particle concentration of the solution

facilitated diffusion

transmembrane protein needed but open on one side and closed on the other

CNS

brain and spinal cord 

PNS

everything outside of CNS, nerves

afferent neurons

sensory

efferent neurons

motor

sensory neurons

sends info from peripheral parts back to CNS

motor neurons

sends info from CNS to peripheral parts of body

somatic motor neuron

• we have conscious control over 

• go to skeletal muscle fibers 

• generate action potentials

autonomic motor neuron

we don’t have conscious control over

sympathetic neuron

activates fight or flight

parasympathetic neuron

prepares us for relaxation, digest and rest 

multipolar neuron

more than 2 projections off of cell body

bipolar neuron

2 projections off of cell body

psuedo unipolar neuron

• 1 projection off cell body 

• initially developed as bipolar and body moves over 

• merges with axon 

tract

group of axons traveling together

nucleus

group of cell bodies of neurons

nerve

axons of neurons traveling together 

ganglion

group of cell bodies in nerves

myelination

axon wrapped in myelin sheath

myelin sheath 

prevents potassium from leaking out

-55 threshold

activation gates open to let Na+ flow into hillock

+30

inactivation gates close and no more Na+ comes in

• this is why interior doesn’t become more positive

+30

voltage gated potassium channels open

graded potential

decrement down the axon

temporal summation 

1 presynaptic neuron produces action potential that won’t reach threshold 

• have to fire multiple times to increase Na+

spatial summation

multiple presynaptic neurons generate action potential

• each generates less impulses

faster action potential

myelination and increase diameter

refractory periods 

when another action potential can be generated 

absolute refractory period

period of time under no circumstances when another action potential can be generated

-55 to 30 arp

action potential is already happening to another one can’t happen

+30 to -70 arp

• repolarization means inactivation gates are closed until it resets around -56 to -70

• lasts from threshold till voltage gated potassium channels reset 

relative refractory period

period of time when another action potential can be generated

refractory period 1

from time vgK+c reset till -75

from time vgK+c reset till -75

• if hillock reaches -55 then action potential can happen 

• hard bc hillock is hyperpolzarizing

relative refractory period 2

-75 till -70 rmp

-75 till -70 rmp

• need to depolarize hillock to threshold by 20mv

• normally it is only by 15mv