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where is the River Exe located
Devon
what is the size of the River Exe's drainage basin
1530 km2
What is elevated changes in the River Exe drainage basin
516m to 26 m
what is the topography of the River Exe drainage basin
long-shaped, steep-sided valley, with elevation changes
what is the geology in the River Exe drainage basin?
93% of moderate to low permeability rocks (sandstone, limestone, shales)
what is the lithology in the River Exe drainage basin
the rock strata (slopped bedding plane) is dipped seawards to the English Channel
what is the land use in the River Exe drainage basin
grassland- 67%
woodland- 13%
peat bogs- 3%
urban- 2%
what is the annual rainfall in the River Exe drainage basin
1295 mm
what type of rainfall occurs in the River Exe drainage basin
orographic rainfall in Exmoor
how much of the water balance does runoff account for in the in the River Exe drainage basin
65%
how many properties are at risk to flooding in the River Exe drainage basin
11000
how much of the River Exe drainage basin is used for pastoral farming
80%
when was the Wimbleball Reservoir constructed
1979
how large is the Wimbleball reservoir
150 hectares
why were drainage ditches dug in the peat bogs of Exmoor
to make it suitable for farming to increase food production
what are the impacts of drainage ditches on the peat bogs of Exmoor
increase speed of water flow to Exe, reduce water quality as silt carried downstream.
what is happening to the peat bog in Exmoor
peat dries out, decomposition occurs, released carbon as CO2 and CH4
what is the Exmoor Mires Project
works to restore the peat bogs by blocking drainage ditches with peat bogs. this increased water content restoring natural conditions
how much did the Exmoor Mires Project cost
£2.2 million
how many hectares of peat moorland were restored in the River Exe drainage basin
1000
how did the Exmoor mires project impact the River Exe
it slowed the flow of the river, water table increased by 2.2cm, store 33% more water
what environmental impacts did the Exmoor miles project have
more carbon storage as carbon dioxide is naturally absorbed from the atmosphere and stored
what social impacts did the Exmoor miles project have
improved opportunities for education, leisure and recreation
what flood defences are in place in Exeter
12 flood gates
how will climate change impact the climate in the River Exe drainage basin
hotter drier summer +2.6c, -20.5% , warmer wetter winter +2c, +11.6%
how much annual rainfall is there in the amazon rainforest
2000 mm
what is the annual temperature in the amazon rainforest
27 C
how many countries are in the amazon rainforest
9
how many people rely on the amazon rainforest for resources
34 million
how much carbon is stored in the amazon rainforest
100 billion tonnes
how many trees are there in the amazon rainforest
300 billion
how much rainfall is intercepted by the dense canopy in the amazon rainforest
75%
how much oxygen do rainforests emit ou of all global stores
25%
how much carbon is stored in wood
50%
who is the 4th largest co2 polluter
Brazil- 75% of their emissions from deforestation
what could climate change do to the amazon
4C increase could kill off 85% of the amazon
what positive changes are happening in the amazon rainforest
selective logging, afforestation, environmental laws, protection
what are the environmental laws in the amazon rainforest
Brazilian forest code- landowners must keep 50-80% of the land forest
COP 26- end deforestation by 2030
how can climate change impact rainfall in the amazon rainforest
30% decrease in rainfall, forest dieback
what could rainforest lead to
an ecological tipping point- increased drought means the forest is replaced by fire-prone bush and savanna
what will the global temperature rise reach by 2100
2.5 C
what is the Paris agreement
limit global temperatures rise to 1.5 C. which has now be surpassed
why is coastal management needed (global)
-1 billion people live near the coast
75% of large cities are coastal
50% of the global population lives within 60km of the coast
where is the Holderness Coast located
North East England
how long is the Holderness Coast
61 km
how many villages have been lost along the Holderness Coast in the last 2000 years
30
how much of the Holderness Coast has been lost to erosion has been lost to erosion
4km
what is the rate of erosion along the Holderness Coast
2m per year
what type of rocks are found at Flamborough Head (north)
chalk (high resistance)
what type of rocks are found at Spurn Head (south)
boulder clay, glacier til (low resistance)
what type of landforms are found at Flamborough Head
erosional landforms (steep cliffs, wave cut platforms, caves arches, stacks and stumps)
what type of landforms are found at Spurn Head
depositional landforms (spit, sand dunes)
how long is the fetch in the Holderness Coast
480 km
what type of waves occur at Holderness Coast
destructive waves from the North sea
how much of the Holderness Coast is protected by management schemes
11 km
how much is the spit at Spurn Head growing each year
10 cm (input from LSD and Humber estuary)
hard engineering at Hornsea (Holderness Coast)
groynes, sea walls, riprap
hard engineering at Bridlington (Holderness Coast)
4.7 km long sea wall
hard engineering at Eastington (Holderness Coast)
gas terminal 25m from cliff edge- 1km long revetment
where is Odisha
Bay of Bengal, India
what is the population in Odisha
44 million
how long is the Odisha coastline
480 km
what are the three organisms at risk in the Odisha coastline
Irrawaddy river dolphin, olive ridley turtle, mangroves
how much of the Odisha coastline is managed
10 km
why is Odisha at risk to Coastal erosion
strong littoral drift, low lying, high tidal range,
what are the main uses for the Odisha coastline
tourism, aquaculture, trade
when did the ICZM start in Odisha
September 2010
how much coastline is expected to be protected by the ICZM in Odisha
196 km
how much funding has been put forward for the Odisha ICZM
$50 million
what has been done to reduce dependency on aquaculture and how many have been affected (Odisha coastline)
encouragement to try other agriculture such as dairy and poultry. 7438 families affected
why have the women reformed in the reformed aquaculture areas benefited from (Odisha coastline)
coil craft which has raised 59220 rupees from 600 women across 16 villages
where does ecotourism take place along the Odisha coastline
Chilika Lake
what has been the % increase in tourism since tourism was promoted in Chilika
31%
what has been the % increase in local employment due to tourism in Chilika
55%
how many cyclone shelter have been built along the Odisha coastline
14- shelter 14,000 people
(Ganjam)
what other functions do the cyclone shelters have in Odisha
classrooms, vaccination centres, social spaces and delivery areas
how many people have benefitted from the gabions installed at Pentha beach (Odisha coastline)
41,222 people are protected and 6,883 fields protected from saltwater intrusion
what is the dual purpose of mangroves
enrich biodiversity and a natural defence
how much did the mangrove cover go down to in Odisha and why
100 km2 (2020) due to construction and urban sprawl
what is the mangrove cover at now
258 km2
how much has the sea level along Odisha risen by in the last 50 years
10 cm
how much of Odisha coastline has been lost to seawater ingression
28%
When did Mt Nyiragongo erupt?
January 2002
what was the VEI of Mt Nyiragongo
VE1 1
what country is Mt Nyiragongo in
DRC
what was the GNI per capita in the DRC in 2002
$385
what was the HDI in the DRC in 2002
0.36 or ranked 176/187 in the world
what plates were involved in the Mt Nyiragongo eruption
western African rift valley- divergent plate margin
how long was the fissure that opened on Mt Nyiragongo
13km
how deep was the ash fall in the Mt Nyiragongo eruption
2m (contaminated water supply)
how wide were the lava flows in the Mt Nyiragongo eruption
200-1000m
how many villages were destroyed in the Mt Nyiragongo eruption
14
how many people were evacuated from Goma (Mt Nyiragongo)
400,000
how many buildings were destroyed in the Mt Nyiragongo eruption
4500
how many people were killed due to asphyxiation by co2 (Mt Nyiragongo)
147
how many people were made homeless in the Mt Nyiragongo eruption
120,000
how did the UN respond to the Mt Nyiragongo eruption
provided shelter for 85,000 people and supplied 260 tonnes of food
what is a long term response for the Mt Nyiragongo eruption
- tourism
- regular scientific monitoring
- acid rain
- 700,000 children taught about eruptions
where and when did the Tohoku earthquake take place
Sendai, Japan
March 2011
what plates were involved in the Tohoku earthquake
pacific plate subducted beneath the north american plate
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