Geography Paper 1 Case Studies

where is the River Exe located

Devon

what is the size of the River Exe's drainage basin

1530 km2

What is elevated changes in the River Exe drainage basin

516m to 26 m

what is the topography of the River Exe drainage basin

long-shaped, steep-sided valley, with elevation changes

what is the geology in the River Exe drainage basin?

93% of moderate to low permeability rocks (sandstone, limestone, shales)

what is the lithology in the River Exe drainage basin

the rock strata (slopped bedding plane) is dipped seawards to the English Channel

what is the land use in the River Exe drainage basin

grassland- 67%
woodland- 13%
peat bogs- 3%
urban- 2%

what is the annual rainfall in the River Exe drainage basin

1295 mm

what type of rainfall occurs in the River Exe drainage basin

orographic rainfall in Exmoor

how much of the water balance does runoff account for in the in the River Exe drainage basin

65%

how many properties are at risk to flooding in the River Exe drainage basin

11000

how much of the River Exe drainage basin is used for pastoral farming

80%

when was the Wimbleball Reservoir constructed

1979

how large is the Wimbleball reservoir

150 hectares

why were drainage ditches dug in the peat bogs of Exmoor

to make it suitable for farming to increase food production

what are the impacts of drainage ditches on the peat bogs of Exmoor

increase speed of water flow to Exe, reduce water quality as silt carried downstream.

what is happening to the peat bog in Exmoor

peat dries out, decomposition occurs, released carbon as CO2 and CH4

what is the Exmoor Mires Project

works to restore the peat bogs by blocking drainage ditches with peat bogs. this increased water content restoring natural conditions

how much did the Exmoor Mires Project cost

£2.2 million

how many hectares of peat moorland were restored in the River Exe drainage basin

1000

how did the Exmoor mires project impact the River Exe

it slowed the flow of the river, water table increased by 2.2cm, store 33% more water

what environmental impacts did the Exmoor miles project have

more carbon storage as carbon dioxide is naturally absorbed from the atmosphere and stored

what social impacts did the Exmoor miles project have

improved opportunities for education, leisure and recreation

what flood defences are in place in Exeter

12 flood gates

how will climate change impact the climate in the River Exe drainage basin

hotter drier summer +2.6c, -20.5% , warmer wetter winter +2c, +11.6%

how much annual rainfall is there in the amazon rainforest

2000 mm

what is the annual temperature in the amazon rainforest

27 C

how many countries are in the amazon rainforest

9

how many people rely on the amazon rainforest for resources

34 million

how much carbon is stored in the amazon rainforest

100 billion tonnes

how many trees are there in the amazon rainforest

300 billion

how much rainfall is intercepted by the dense canopy in the amazon rainforest

75%

how much oxygen do rainforests emit ou of all global stores

25%

how much carbon is stored in wood

50%

who is the 4th largest co2 polluter

Brazil- 75% of their emissions from deforestation

what could climate change do to the amazon

4C increase could kill off 85% of the amazon

what positive changes are happening in the amazon rainforest

selective logging, afforestation, environmental laws, protection

what are the environmental laws in the amazon rainforest

Brazilian forest code- landowners must keep 50-80% of the land forest
COP 26- end deforestation by 2030

how can climate change impact rainfall in the amazon rainforest

30% decrease in rainfall, forest dieback

what could rainforest lead to

an ecological tipping point- increased drought means the forest is replaced by fire-prone bush and savanna

what will the global temperature rise reach by 2100

2.5 C

what is the Paris agreement

limit global temperatures rise to 1.5 C. which has now be surpassed

why is coastal management needed (global)

-1 billion people live near the coast
75% of large cities are coastal
50% of the global population lives within 60km of the coast

where is the Holderness Coast located

North East England

how long is the Holderness Coast

61 km

how many villages have been lost along the Holderness Coast in the last 2000 years

30

how much of the Holderness Coast has been lost to erosion has been lost to erosion

4km

what is the rate of erosion along the Holderness Coast

2m per year

what type of rocks are found at Flamborough Head (north)

chalk (high resistance)

what type of rocks are found at Spurn Head (south)

boulder clay, glacier til (low resistance)

what type of landforms are found at Flamborough Head

erosional landforms (steep cliffs, wave cut platforms, caves arches, stacks and stumps)

what type of landforms are found at Spurn Head

depositional landforms (spit, sand dunes)

how long is the fetch in the Holderness Coast

480 km

what type of waves occur at Holderness Coast

destructive waves from the North sea

how much of the Holderness Coast is protected by management schemes

11 km

how much is the spit at Spurn Head growing each year

10 cm (input from LSD and Humber estuary)

hard engineering at Hornsea (Holderness Coast)

groynes, sea walls, riprap

hard engineering at Bridlington (Holderness Coast)

4.7 km long sea wall

hard engineering at Eastington (Holderness Coast)

gas terminal 25m from cliff edge- 1km long revetment

where is Odisha

Bay of Bengal, India

what is the population in Odisha

44 million

how long is the Odisha coastline

480 km

what are the three organisms at risk in the Odisha coastline

Irrawaddy river dolphin, olive ridley turtle, mangroves

how much of the Odisha coastline is managed

10 km

why is Odisha at risk to Coastal erosion

strong littoral drift, low lying, high tidal range,

what are the main uses for the Odisha coastline

tourism, aquaculture, trade

when did the ICZM start in Odisha

September 2010

how much coastline is expected to be protected by the ICZM in Odisha

196 km

how much funding has been put forward for the Odisha ICZM

$50 million

what has been done to reduce dependency on aquaculture and how many have been affected (Odisha coastline)

encouragement to try other agriculture such as dairy and poultry. 7438 families affected

why have the women reformed in the reformed aquaculture areas benefited from (Odisha coastline)

coil craft which has raised 59220 rupees from 600 women across 16 villages

where does ecotourism take place along the Odisha coastline

Chilika Lake

what has been the % increase in tourism since tourism was promoted in Chilika

31%

what has been the % increase in local employment due to tourism in Chilika

55%

how many cyclone shelter have been built along the Odisha coastline

14- shelter 14,000 people
(Ganjam)

what other functions do the cyclone shelters have in Odisha

classrooms, vaccination centres, social spaces and delivery areas

how many people have benefitted from the gabions installed at Pentha beach (Odisha coastline)

41,222 people are protected and 6,883 fields protected from saltwater intrusion

what is the dual purpose of mangroves

enrich biodiversity and a natural defence

how much did the mangrove cover go down to in Odisha and why

100 km2 (2020) due to construction and urban sprawl

what is the mangrove cover at now

258 km2

how much has the sea level along Odisha risen by in the last 50 years

10 cm

how much of Odisha coastline has been lost to seawater ingression

28%

When did Mt Nyiragongo erupt?

January 2002

what was the VEI of Mt Nyiragongo

VE1 1

what country is Mt Nyiragongo in

DRC

what was the GNI per capita in the DRC in 2002

$385

what was the HDI in the DRC in 2002

0.36 or ranked 176/187 in the world

what plates were involved in the Mt Nyiragongo eruption

western African rift valley- divergent plate margin

how long was the fissure that opened on Mt Nyiragongo

13km

how deep was the ash fall in the Mt Nyiragongo eruption

2m (contaminated water supply)

how wide were the lava flows in the Mt Nyiragongo eruption

200-1000m

how many villages were destroyed in the Mt Nyiragongo eruption

14

how many people were evacuated from Goma (Mt Nyiragongo)

400,000

how many buildings were destroyed in the Mt Nyiragongo eruption

4500

how many people were killed due to asphyxiation by co2 (Mt Nyiragongo)

147

how many people were made homeless in the Mt Nyiragongo eruption

120,000

how did the UN respond to the Mt Nyiragongo eruption

provided shelter for 85,000 people and supplied 260 tonnes of food

what is a long term response for the Mt Nyiragongo eruption

- tourism
- regular scientific monitoring
- acid rain
- 700,000 children taught about eruptions

where and when did the Tohoku earthquake take place

Sendai, Japan
March 2011

what plates were involved in the Tohoku earthquake

pacific plate subducted beneath the north american plate