3-4-PRELIM-CHN2

Community

A social unit of human organisms who share common values and live in a particular area or have shared interests or background.

Community Health Nursing

A special field of nursing that combines the skills of nursing, public health, and social assistance to promote health, improve social and physical environments, and rehabilitate illness and disability.

Philosophy of CHN

Based on the belief that care directed to the individual, the family, and the group contributes to the healthcare of the population as a whole.

Salient Features of CHN:

I. Population-or Aggregate-focused:

II. Greatest good for the greatest number

IV. Promotive-preventive by nature

V. Uses a variety of instruments

VI. Requires management skills

Population-or Aggregate-focused

Prioritizing the health needs and problems of the community as a whole.

Greatest good for the greatest number

Salient features: Focusing on the health needs and problems of the community rather than individuals or families.

Utilizes nursing process

Salient features 3: Applying the systematic and comprehensive nursing process in community health nursing.

Promotive-preventive by nature

Salient features 4: Prioritizing health promotion and disease prevention strategies over curative interventions.

Uses a variety of instruments

Salient features V: Utilizing tools for measuring and analyzing community health problems.

Requires management skills

Applying principles of management in organizing nursing services and health programs.

Features of CHN

Primary health care,

community development,

education and outreach, and

research.

Concepts of CHN:

Health promotion

Promoting health and well-being for individuals, families, and communities.

Benefit not only the individual but the whole family

Recognizing the impact of health on the entire family unit.

CH nurses are generalists in terms of their practice through life's continuum

Providing care to individuals of all ages and across various healthcare settings.

Requires utilization of current knowledge from biological and social sciences, ecology, clinical nursing, and community health organizations.

CONCEPTS OF CHN

The dynamic process of assessing, planning, implementing, and intervening, providing periodic measurements of progress, evaluation, and a continuum of care.

Theoretical Models & Approaches:

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL (1950’S);NANCY MILIO’S FRAMEWORK FOR PREVENTION; NOLA PENDER: HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL; PRECEDE/PROCEED MODEL

Health Belief Model

A person's health-related behavior depends on their perception of a threat posed by a health problem and the value associated with actions aimed at reducing the threat.

Nancy Milio's Framework for Prevention

Emphasizes community-oriented and population-focused care, challenging the notion that lack of knowledge is the main determinant for unhealthful behavioral choices.

Nola Pender's Health Promotion Model

Considers personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions, with health-promoting behavior as the desired outcome.

Behavioral Change Approach- PRECEDE/PROCEED Model

A planned activity, interventions, and strategies developed and carried out to bring about appropriate changes in health behavior.

Types of Community:

Rural, Urban, Suburban communities

Rural communities

Spacious, agricultural areas with a lower population density.

Urban communities

Densely populated, non-agricultural areas with industrial products and technology.

Suburban or rurban or the capitals

Administrative capitals characterized by a mix of agriculture and industry.

Characteristics of a Healthy Community:

 The physical environment is clean and safe  The environment meets everyone’s basic needs  The environment promotes social harmony and actively involves everyone;  There is an understanding of the local health and environment issues  The community participates in identifying local solutions to local problems

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Population

All of the individuals that live in the same area at the same time.

Population dynamics

The study of the geographic distribution, population density, and population growth rate of a population.

Geographic distribution/range

The range or area where an organism is found.

Population density

The population size in a certain space at a given time.

Population growth rate

The proportion of individuals in each age group in a population.

Community health nurse

A nurse who works in the community to promote and protect the health of individuals, families, and communities.

Planner/programmer

The role of a community health nurse in identifying needs, priorities, and problems of individuals, families, and communities, and formulating health plans.

Provider of nursing care

The role of a community health nurse in providing direct nursing care to sick or disabled individuals in various settings.

Community organizer

The role of a community health nurse in motivating and enhancing community participation in planning, organizing, implementing, and evaluating health services.

Coordinator of services

The role of a community health nurse in coordinating health-related services provided by various members of the health team.

Trainer/health educator

The role of a community health nurse in identifying training needs, conducting training, and providing health education to individuals and communities.

Role model

The role of a community health nurse in providing a good example of healthful living to the community.

Change agent

The role of a community health nurse in motivating changes in health behavior to promote and maintain health.

Recorder/reporter/statistician

The role of a community health nurse in preparing and submitting reports, maintaining records, and analyzing statistical data.

Researcher

The role of a community health nurse in participating in survey studies and research on nursing and health-related subjects.

Occupational Health Nursing

A field of community health nursing aimed at assisting workers in coping with stresses related to their work and work environment.

School Health Nursing

A field of community health nursing aimed at promoting the health of school personnel and students.

Public Health Nursing

A field of community health nursing focused on implementing health programs and promoting and protecting the health of local communities.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Morbidity

The state of being diseased or unhealthy.

Acute Respiratory Infection

A sudden infection of the respiratory system.

Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection and Pneumonia

Infection and inflammation of the lower respiratory tract, including the lungs.

Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes or bronchioles.

Hypertension

High blood pressure.

Acute Watery Diarrhea

Sudden onset of watery diarrhea.

Influenza

A viral infection that affects the respiratory system.

Urinary Tract Infection

Infection of the urinary system, including the bladder and kidneys.

TB Respiratory

Tuberculosis infection affecting the respiratory system.

Demography

The study of the size, composition, and distribution of a population.

Vital Health Statistics

Data related to the health status of a population, including birth and death rates.

Epidemiology

The study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations.

Sex Composition

The distribution of males and females in a population.

Age Composition

The distribution of different age groups in a population.

Median Age

The age that divides the population into equal parts.

Dependency Ratio

The ratio of economically dependent individuals to economically productive individuals in a population.

Population Distribution

The spatial arrangement of individuals within a population.

Crowding Index

A measure of population density and crowding within households.1. Population density:The measure of how congested a place is and its implications for the adequacy of basic health services in the community.

Vital statistics

A tool used to estimate the extent or magnitude of health needs and problems in the community, providing a basis for developing, implementing, and evaluating programs and intervention strategies.

Fertility rates

Rates that indicate the number of births in a population.

Morbidity rates

Rates that indicate the occurrence of diseases or illnesses in a population.

Mortality rates

Rates that indicate the number of deaths in a population.

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)

The organization responsible for the registration of vital events, such as births and deaths, in the Philippines.

Notifiable Disease Statistics

Data on diseases that are required to be reported immediately to health officers, compiled and analyzed to monitor disease occurrence.

Field Health Service Information System (FHSIS)

An annual report that presents the complete data on notifiable diseases and other health indicators.

Computation of statistical indices

The process of calculating various rates and ratios to measure health indicators in a population.

Epidemiology

The study of the occurrence and distribution of health conditions in a population, aiming to identify factors related to disease development and plan strategies for prevention and control.

Multiple Causation Theory

The theory that suggests that diseases have multiple causes, including biological, environmental, and social factors.

Natural History of Disease

The study of the course of a disease once it is established, including its duration and possible outcomes.

Levels of Disease Prevention

Primary prevention (preventing the occurrence of disease), secondary prevention (early detection and treatment), and tertiary prevention (reducing the impact of disease and preventing complications).

Concept of Causality and Association

The understanding that diseases have identifiable causal and preventive factors, and that the occurrence of a disease is not random.1. Cause:Must precede a disease and be necessary and sufficient for the occurrence of the disease.

Risk

The probability of an unfavorable event, such as disease, disability, defect, or death, in the community.

Association

The concurrence of two variables more often than would be expected by chance, does not necessarily imply a causal relationship.

Predisposing factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing a disease, such as knowledge, belief, attitude, and socio-economic status.

Enabling factors

Any skill or resources required to attain a certain condition.

Reinforcing factors

Any reward, punishment, or feedback following or anticipated as a consequence of health behavior.

Descriptive epidemiology

The observation and recording of existing patterns of disease occurrence, including screening and case finding.

Herd immunity

The community's reaction against disease invasion, characterized by epidemic, endemic, or sporadic patterns.

Exposure or Contact Rate

The progressive transfer or transmission of a disease.

Chance

The probability of contact between the source of infection and susceptible host, depends on the number of sources of infection, number of immunes, and location of the source of infection.

Epidemic

Short time fluctuations characterized by simultaneous exposure of a large number of susceptible individuals.

Cyclic variation

Recurrent fluctuations in cycles lasting for a certain period.

Secular variation

Changes in disease frequency over a period of many years.

Analytical epidemiology

Attempts to identify possible factors associated with disease occurrence through hypothesis testing and studies like case-control and cohort studies.

Risk estimates

Measures that show the strength of association between health conditions or risk factors, including relative risk ratio (RRR), odds ratio (OR), and attributable ratio (AR).

Relative Risk Ratio (RRR)

The relative risk to an individual developing a disease due to a particular exposure, derived by comparing the occurrence of the disease in a population exposed to the suspected factor.