psychology final exam

Alzheimer’s disease begins with and progresses into

Difficulty remembering new information; an inability to complete daily tasks

Researchers note recognize the active information processing that occurs in short term memory and refers to it as memory

Working

Memory is best defined as

The persistence of learning through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information

Effortful processing is to as automatic processing is to

Explicit memory; Implicit memory

Classically conditioned associations are to. as consciously remembered, the personal experiences are to.

Implicit memory; explicit memory

We can consciously attend to information while simultaneously processing background information. This ability is referred to as.

Parallel processing, the

The three stage information processing model that distinguishes between sensory memory short term memory and long-term memory was first introduced by

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

As compared with long-term memory, short-term memory is. permanent and limited in storage capacity

Less; more

In which state of the Atkinson and Shiffrin model, do we rehearse information?

Short-term memory

Researchers believe that sleep aids memory consolidation partly because during sleep the. appear to be communicating

Hippocampus and brain cortex

Which of the following brain structures is involved in the formation of explicit memories

Frontal lobe

which of the following brain structures is central to remembering how to perform well learned skills

Basal ganglia

A new understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming, auditory and visual information and of information retrieve for long-term memory is referred to as

Working memory

Research has indicated that

We actually remember more than we can recall

Which of the following is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory

Long-term plantation

Which form of memory was NOT included in the original Atkinson and Shiffrin three stage model of memory

Working memory

Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from. memory into memory

Long term; working

Explicit memories are encoded through while implicit memories are encoded via

Effortful processing; automatic processing

Faulty, eyewitness, identification that has resulted in innocent people being convicted of an imprisoned for crimes is likely a result of

Memory construction errors

Automatic processing in effort, full processing, referred to two types of

Encoding

The distinction between automatic and effort, full processing, most clearly highlights the nature of

The two track mind

Because it happens without our awareness, implicit memory is also

Non-declarative memory

Testing has been shown to do all of the following except

Damage both learning and memory

The original Atkinson, Shiffrin memory model focused on how we

Process our explicit memories

Sensory memory is

The immediate very brief Recording of sensory information in the memory system

information learned through classical conditioning forms memories

Implicit

what type of information is NOT automatically processed

Information about location

Who proposed that short-term memory has a capacity of seven bits of information

George Miller

The effort full processing of

Can become automatic through practice

memory Generally, last only a few tenths of a second whereas. memory last three or four seconds

Iconic; echoic

Researchers have confirmed that aids long term memory of information over time

Distributed practice

Which of the following is true regarding working memory?

Young adults have a larger working memory capacity than children

The spacing effect is defined as

The tendency for distributed study to yield the better long-term retention then mass study

A total of percent of Americans say they frequently or sometimes experience stress in their daily lives

80%

Psychologist defined stress as

The process by which we appraise in respond to threatening or challenging events

which of the following would be used to assess a person’s level of stress?

Perceived stress scale

A stressor is a

Environmental event that threatens or challenges us

In response to stress releases stress hormones into the bloodstream

The adrenal glands

The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by

Resistance

The fight or flight response is associated with the release of. into the bloodstream

Stress hormones

Alarm resistance and exhaustion characterize the phases of

The general adaptation syndrome

Which of the following may explain why compared with non-captive soldiers former war prisoners tend to die sooner

They developed shorter telomeres

One of the import agents of the immune system is

The macrophage

are often released to help fight viral infections

T Lymphocytes

B lymphocytes fight

Bacterial infections

Which of the following items is NOT likely to be seen on the perceived stress scale?

How often have you felt happy

B lymphocytes release that fight bacterial infections

Antibodies

Compared with monkeys left and stable groups those who were housed with three or four new roommates each month or more likely to experience

Weaker immune system responses

Stress can lead to all of the following, EXCEPT

A healthy diet

attack of viruses, cancer cells, and foreign substances

T lymphocytes

Research on stressful life events indicates that

Widowed people at an increased risk of death in the week of following their partner’s death

Three people can be expected to die from a heart disease event every

30 minutes

Compared with type B personalities type a people are more likely to experience

Coronary heart disease

In research studies, dogs that were able to escape electric shocks experienced

Personal control

Stress does not directly cause illness, however, it

Makes us more vulnerable by influencing our behaviors and physiology

In the 1920s Walter Cannon discovered that emotion arousing events triggered and outpouring of from the adrenal glands

Stress hormones

When confronted with a stressful event, your sympathetic nervous system

Increases your heart rate and respiration

Stressful events triggered, and outpouring of stress hormones from

Adrenal glands

An emergency reaction when dealing with a threat often includes sympathetic, nervous system arousal, and the mobilization of one’s energy. This is best illustrated by.

The fight or flight response

The best way to increase the brain serotonin activity is to

Engage in aerobic exercise

Who first identify the three stage general adaptation syndrome

Hans Selye

Being able to cope with an overcome serious challenges is known as

Resilience

What is something that everyone can do to improve their happiness level?

Act happy

Which of the following psychological disorders was reported by the most people in the United States in 2015

Depressive disorders

Which of the following is not one of the top three reported mental health disorders among Americans

Generalized anxiety disorder

Americans are more likely to report having compared with other mental or substance use disorders

Depressive disorders or bipolar disorders

A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance

In a person’s cognition, emotion, regulation, or behaviors

Psychological disorders consist of emotions, behavior, and cognitive processes that are all of the following EXCEPT

immoral

The idea that psychological disorders need to be diagnosed based on specific symptoms is consistent with

The medical model

in 1973, the American psychiatric Association discontinued, classifying homosexuality as a disorder because mental health workers no longer consider the same attraction as inherently

Dysfunctional

The study of the molecular mechanism by which the environment can influence the expression of genetics without altering one’s DNA is called

Epigenetic’s

Which of the following is not one of the top three reported phobias

Being alone

Which of the following are disorders that involve anxiety, but are not classified as anxiety disorders

OCD and PTSD

Which of the following is not an OCD related disorder

Panic disorder

Individuals are most likely to be diagnosed with ADHD Between the ages of

Four and 17

The phrase “what does not kill me makes me stronger” illustrates

Post traumatic growth

Those who are skeptical of the rise in ADHD diagnosis have most strongly emphasized that

Children by nature are not designed to sit for long hours in classroom settings

Supporters of today’s increasing diagnosis of ADHD have noted that

ADHD is a real neurobiological disorder whose existence should no longer be debated

Those who support the increase in ADHD diagnosis have most strongly emphasize that

Increase diagnosis of ADHD, reflected and increased awareness of the disorder

Which of the following medications is most frequently prescribed for the treatment of ADHD

Adderall

ADHD is often Treated with the. drugs Ritalin and Adderal

Stimulant

Believing that psychological disorders are caused by evil spirits is consistent with

The middle ages

A drug that leads people to behave impulsively and into lack normal behavioral restraint or self-control is set to act as

Disinhibitor

In some places around the world, cruel treatment for mental illness, still exist in response

The world health organization has launched a plan to transform hospitals worldwide

In discovering that certain psychological disorders occur only in particular cultures, we are providing evidence for

A bio psychosocial approach

Which substance is associated with the cancer as well as heart and lung disease

Nicotine

Which of the following has provided support for the medical perspective on psychological disorders?

Our brain structure abnormalities and biochemistry relates to psychological disorders

And one survey conducted in 21 countries of those interviewed reported moderate to severe depression

Almost 5%

It would be most difficult to use the. to explain why susto occurs mostly in Latin American cultures

Medical model

Some psychological disorders occur primarily in one culture, however occurs worldwide

Schizophrenia

The brains of people who suffer from depression to have low levels of

Serotonin

Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder

Men and women have the disorder equally

Research on supports the

Epigenetic’s; bio psychosocial approach

A psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM – 5 to various physiological disorders

Identify

A theory is an explanation using principles that observations and. behaviors or events

Organize; predict

A hypothesis is a(n)

Testable prediction that gives direction to research

Testing hypothesis and refining theories based on data is central to

The scientific method

The case study

A single individual or group is studied in great depth

A survey is a research method in which

A representative sample of people are questioned regarding their opinion or behaviors

The manipulation of an independent variable and the measure of a dependent variable under controlled conditions on randomly selected randomly assigned participants to determine causal. Relationships is called.

Experimentation