Chapter 1: Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

Nimrod

a great warrior and built a kingdom

Robert Koldeway

excavation of babylon

Djoser

pharaoh of the 3rd dynasty
built the first step pyramid

King Nebuchadnezzar II

King of the Chaldeans
Built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

Amytis

Wife of Nebuchadnezzar for whom he is said to have built the "Hanging Gardens of Babylon."

Phytagoras

Phytagorean Theorem
First to use the term "Philosophy"
number is the only objective concept

Thales of Miletus

First western philosopher
popular for precise prediction of the solar eclipse

Hippocrates

Father of western medicine

Ctesibius

develops water clock/clepsydra

Augustus Caesar

First emperor of Rome

Galen

first to describe and diagnose symptoms of different diseases

Appius Claudius Caecus

Created the first aqueduct, Aqua Appia.

Science

systematized body of knowledge based on facts, observations, or experiments.

Physical Science

branch of natural science that studies non-living systems.

Life Science

branch of natural science that studies living systems.

Physics

study of physical quantities.

Chemistry

studies the composition, structure, properties, and change of matter.

Astronomy

study of celestial bodies.

Earth Science

study of the planet earth.

Biology

study of life and living organism.

Zoology

studies the animal kingdom.

Botany

study of plant life.

Tekhne

"art or craft"

—logia

"subject or interest"

Technology

practical application of what we know about nature.
practical application of SCIENCE.

Sumeria

southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia.

Cuneiform

first writing system (Sumerian)
utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are curved on clay.

Uruk City

first true city in the world.

The Great Ziggurat of Ur

mountain of god
sacred place of their chief god, where only their priests were allowed to enter

Irrigation

invented to maintain good farmland.

Boats

used by the Sumerians to transport their products.

Sailboats

invented to address their increasing demands for products.

Wheel & Axle

use primarily to farm work and food processes.
mass production was made easier.

Plow

farm technology that would enable them to dig the ground where seeds would be planted.

Roads

In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the Sumerians developed the first \___________.

Bitumen

a black sticky substance similar to asphalt.

Babylonian Civilization

emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

Babylonians

great builders, engineers, and architects.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.
was built for his wife, Queen Amytis.
14 large rooms

Egyptian Civilization

located in North Africa.
contributed the pyramid into the world.

The Great Pyramid of Giza

one of the Seven Wonders of Ancient World.
a.k.a The Great Pyramid of Khufu

Paper

invented to make writing easier for the world

Papyrus

made from the pith of the plant
similar to the paper
writing surface
plant that grew abundantly along the Nile River in Egypt

Ink

invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce different colors.

Hieroglyphics

Egyptians also developed a system of writing using symbols.
believed that this writing system was provided to them by their gods.

Cosmetics

functions were for health and aesthetic reasons.

Kohl

worn around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye disease.

Wig

worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes.
used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun.

Water Clock or Clepsydra

amount of water remaining in the device determines how much time has elapsed since it is full.

Sumerian

first astronomers

"Gates of the Gods"

Bav-il or Bav-ilim

Temple of Etemenanki

inspired by Tower of Babel

Tower of Babel

"with its top in the heavens."

Greece

an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe.

Greek Civilization

birthplace of western philosophy

Tidal Mill or Water Mill

used to grind grains

Egyptian Civilization

most famous, born along the Nile River

Kemet or Black Land

land of Egypt

Shadoof

pole and bucket

Great Sphinx of Giza

lion's body and human head

Pyramids

tombs for kings and queens

King Nebuchadnezzar II

built the gardens for his wife.

Indus Valley

Pakistan and Northwest India
Bronze Age

Ancient China Civilization

oldest and longest lasting civilization

Acupuncture

inserting several needles to relieve pain

Abacus

counting, basic and complex mathematics

Johannes Gutenberg

invented the first movable printing press

Alaric I

King of Visgoths Invaded Rome thrice
appointed as Magister Militum

Master of Soldiers

"Magister Militum" meaning

Middle Ages

a.k.a "Dark Ages" 6th century-15th century

Byzantium

capital of Byzantine Empire

Handheld Trebuchet

a.k.a "cheiromangana"

Islamic Empire

largest empire in the history

Koran

holy book of Muslims

The House of Wisdom

belonging to Abbasid Caliphs
translation of Greek and Syriac to Arabic

Golden Age of Islamic Science

8th century-13th century

Ibn Al Haytham

a.k.a Alhazen
foundation of modern optics

Abu Ali Al-Hussein Ibn Sin

a.k.a Avicenna
wrote The Canon of medicine

Abu Qasim Khalaf ibn Abbas Al Zahrawi

a.k.a Al Zahrawi
Father of surgery

Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi

foundation of current principles of Algebra

Al-Biruni

proposed the theory of earth rotating on its own axis
calculation of the specific gravity of 18 precious stones and minerals

Jabir ibn Hayyan

Father of Chemistry

Charles the Great

a.k.a Charlemagne
king of the Franks
first recognized emperor to rule from western Europe

Vikings

cruel warriors, pillagers, and skillful navigators

Axe

most commonly used weapon of the Vikings

Dane Axe

used for battle, held by two hands

Magnetic Compass

uses the sun to navigate the seas

Crusades

series of religious wars

Pope Urban II

gave a sermon at the council of Clermont

Crossbow

essential weapon in battle
type of elastic ranged weapon in similar principle to bow

Three Field System

used to improve the agricultural technology

Studium Generale

one of the first medieval universities

Franciscans and Dominicans

two main religious orders spearheaded the methodology of scholasticism
founded by St. Francis of Assisi and St. Dominic

Roger Bacon

contributed the scientific method

Scientific Method

one of the modern day's science's greatest tools

Opus Majus

repeating cycle of scientific inquiry

Alchemy

branch of natural philosophy that mainly seeks to convert metals into noble metals

Astrology

connection between position of heavenly and celestial bodies to the dwellings of human life and the natural world.

Nicholas Oresme

established the Mean Speed Theorem

John Buridan

developed Impetus