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Solution
solute dissolved in solvent
Salt dissolved in water
Attraction between water + sodium and water + chloride is stronger than sodium + chloride
Endothermic
Separates molecules
Exothermic
Joins molecules
Why do solids conduct
Ion movement → ion collisions that carry charge
Level of conductivity
Determined by number of ions and collisions
Iodine in water
Iodine’s temporary dipole forms induced dipole bond with water
Iodine in water hexane added
Hexane and iodine more attracted to each other
Why do particles form solids
Kinetic energy and temperature
Ionic solids
Electrostatic attraction
Molecular solids
LDF, dipole-dipole, H-bonds
Metallic solids
Positive ions surrounded by a sea of electrons, metallic bond
Covalent network
Covalent bonds
Graphite
Conducts in horizontal planes and is a lubricant
Acid
Proton donor
Base
Proton acceptor
Ph scale
Increment in one pH is 10x H+/OH-
Strong acids
H2SO4, HI, HBr, HNO3, NCl, HClO4
Strong bases
First two columns on table
Neutralization
Acid and base react to form a salt and water, moles H+ = moles OH-
Incomplete neutralization
Moles of H+ or OH- left over
Oxidation
Electron removed
Reduction
Electron added
Half reaction
Oxidation or reduction
Oxidizing agent
Gets reduced
Reducing agent
Gets oxidized
Oxidation numbers rules
Alkali metals: +2, Alkaline metals: +2, Oxygen: usually -2 but -1 in peroxides, Hydrogen: +1 with nonmetals and -1 with metals, Fluoride: always -1
Spontaneous
Strong oxidizing + strong reducing, energetically favourable
Standard cell potential
Let’s us compare reactions
Non-spontaneous
Weak oxidizing + weak reducing, not energetically favourable
Potential difference
Energy delivered by the movement of electrons
Volt
Energy carried by a coulomb of electrons
Ampere
Number of coulombs that travel per second
Coulomb
A bunch of electrons
Electrode
Conductor where half reaction occurs
Anode
ELectrode where oxidation takes place
Cathode
Electrode where reduction takes place
Solutions used
Usually nitrate b/c they dont react
Salt bridge
Allows the movement of ions and balances the charges
