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MRS GREN
Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition.
Biology
The study of life — from cells to whole ecosystems.
Respiration
A process where organisms extract energy from glucose.
Excretion
Removal of metabolic waste (like urea or CO₂).
Difference between excretion and egestion
Excretion removes waste made by cells; egestion removes undigested food.
Eukaryotic cell
A cell with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cell
A cell without a nucleus; e.g. bacteria.
Eukaryotic kingdoms
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista.
Prokaryotic kingdoms
Bacteria and Archaea.
Size of eukaryotic vs prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic ~50μm, Prokaryotic ~1μm.
Magnification formula
Image size ÷ Actual size.
Asexual reproduction
One parent produces genetically identical offspring.
Bacterial reproduction
By binary fission — a type of asexual reproduction.
Yeast reproduction
By budding — a form of asexual reproduction.
Sexual reproduction
Two parents produce genetically varied offspring.
Zygote
A fertilised egg formed when sperm and egg fuse.
Cell specialisation
When cells develop specific roles (e.g. nerve cells).
Stem cell
An undifferentiated cell that can become specialised.
Differentiation
The process of becoming specialised.
Tissue
A group of similar cells doing the same job.
Organ
A structure made of tissues with a specific function.
Organ system
A group of organs working together.
Organism
A living thing made of organ systems.
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food (e.g. plants).
Heterotroph
An organism that consumes others for food (e.g. animals).
Balanced equation for photosynthesis
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
Photosynthesis location
In chloroplasts using chlorophyll.
Light colours increasing photosynthesis
Red and blue (green is reflected).
Greenhouse effect on photosynthesis
More light, warmth and CO₂ increases glucose production.
Uses of glucose in plants
Making starch, cellulose, energy (respiration), proteins and lipids.
Mineral absorption in plants
Through roots — potassium, phosphate, magnesium, etc.
Word equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water.
Aerobic respiration location
In the mitochondria.
Anaerobic respiration (animals)
Glucose → Lactic acid.
Anaerobic respiration (yeast)
Glucose → Alcohol + Carbon dioxide.
Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration
Aerobic releases more energy (ATP).
Function of the digestive system
Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
Mouth function
Starts digestion by chewing and mixing food with saliva.
Stomach function
Uses acid and enzymes to break food down.
Small intestine function
Absorbs nutrients into the blood.
Liver function
Produces bile to help digest fats.
Gallbladder function
Stores bile and releases it into the intestine.
Pancreas function
Makes enzymes: amylase, protease, lipase.
Large intestine function
Absorbs water and forms faeces.
Enzyme
A biological catalyst that speeds up reactions.
Catalyst
A substance that speeds up a reaction without being used.
Active site
The part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate.
Amylase
An enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates into simple sugars.
Protease
An enzyme (e.g. pepsin) that breaks down proteins into amino acids.
Lipase
Enzyme that breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
Nuclease
Enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides.
Test for starch
Iodine turns blue-black if present.
Test for glucose
Benedict's + heat turns red/orange if present.
Test for protein
Biuret test turns purple if present.
Test for lipids
Ethanol test produces cloudy white emulsion if present.
Stamen
Male parts of a flower, consisting of anther and filament.
Carpel
Female parts of a flower, consisting of stigma, style, and ovary.
Anther
Produces pollen (male gametes).
Stigma
Collects pollen.
Ovary
Contains ovules (egg cells).
Pollination
Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.
Fertilisation in plants
Occurs in the ovary, when pollen fuses with an ovule.
Testes
Produce sperm and testosterone; site of meiosis.
Scrotum
Protects testes and controls temperature.
Urethra (male)
Transports urine and semen out of the body.
Epididymis
Stores, matures, and moves sperm.
Prostate gland
Adds fluid to form semen.
Seminal vesicle
Adds nutrient-rich fluid to semen.
Ejaculatory duct
Delivers sperm into the urethra during ejaculation.
Vas deferens
Transports sperm from testes to urethra.
Penis
Transfers semen into the vagina.
Sperm duct
Connects testes to urethra through the prostate.
Cervix
Narrow opening between uterus and vagina; allows fluid flow.
Vagina
Birth canal; receives sperm during intercourse.
Uterus
Where a fertilised egg implants and baby develops.
Ovaries
Produce eggs and hormones (oestrogen and progesterone).
Oviducts
Transport eggs to the uterus; site of fertilisation.
Fundus
Top of uterus; supports pregnancy and hormone control.
Endometrium
The uterus lining that thickens and sheds monthly.
Ovulation
Release of an egg from the ovary (around day 14).
Menstrual cycle
~28-day cycle preparing uterus for pregnancy.
Oestrogen
Builds the uterus lining during the cycle.
Progesterone
Maintains the uterus lining after ovulation.
Implantation
When a fertilised egg embeds into the uterine wall.
Gestation
Time between fertilisation and birth (~9 months).
Placenta
Transfers oxygen/nutrients to the fetus; removes waste.
Puberty
The time when the body develops to become reproductive.
Testosterone
Hormone that causes puberty in boys.
Oestrogen (girls)
Hormone that causes puberty in girls.
Changes in boys during puberty
Voice deepens, facial hair, sperm production, muscle growth.
Changes in girls during puberty
Breasts grow, hips widen, periods start, body hair.
Seminal fluid
Fluid that nourishes and helps sperm move.
Semen
A mixture of sperm cells and seminal fluid.
Condom
Barrier that prevents sperm from entering; protects against STIs.
Combined pill
Prevents ovulation and thickens cervical mucus.
IUD
Placed in uterus; prevents implantation of a fertilised egg.
Diaphragm
A barrier that covers the cervix and stops sperm entering.
Vasectomy
Sperm ducts are cut or sealed to prevent sperm release.
Continuous variation
Traits that vary on a scale (e.g. height, weight).
Discontinuous variation
Traits with distinct groups (e.g. blood group).