biology exam 4

fungi are eukaryotes. what do you automatically know to be true about their cells?

fingal cells will contain a nucleus

true or false modern fungi evolved from ancestral protosts

true

fungi _____ dead organisms and in the process _____ nutrients to the environment

decompose; recycle

fungal cells get their nutrients directly through
a. the air
b. photosynthesis
c. absorption
d. the sun

c. absorption

briefly exaplin the actual makeup of lichens

lichens are actually a symbiotic relationship between a photosynthetic alga and a fungus

positive aspects of fungi

penicillin comes from fungus; the fact that yeast is used to make bread and during fermentation and that they are a source of food

briefly summarize the role of fungi in an ecosystem

the role of fungi is to decompose organic matter and return nutrients to the surrounding environment

when people think of a fungus, it is likely that they are thinking of a mushroom. however, the mushroom is just the ____ ground portion of the fungus. the _____ is the supporting portion below the ground and both structures are made of _________.

above; mycelium; hyphae

fungal wall cells are made of ______, a strong and flexible polysaccharide.

chitin

function of a mushroom

above ground portion of the fungus that is the reproductive structure

function of mycelium

belowground supporting structure

function of hyphae

the fibers that make up both portions

fungi reproduce through
a. binary fission
b. asexual reproduction
c. sexual reproduction
d. asexual and sexual reproduction

d. asexual and sexual reproduction

modern plants evolved from ____ about 500 million years ago

algae

plants,animals, fungi, and protists all belong to the domain Eukarya. As such, what would all of these organisms have in common at the cellular level?

they will all contain a nucleus in their cells

true or false the evolution of land plants was a gradual process that would have included transitional species.

true

anchors the plant and is exposed to water and minerals

root system

site of photosynthesis and gas exchange

leaves

the portion of a plant that is aboveground and exposed to light and air

shoot system

found in certain cell walls to provide support

lignin

a waxy coating that prevents drying out

cuticle

never leaves the female reproductive organ

egg

protects the sperm

pollen

briefly explain how plants and fungi have evolved together

plants and fungi have evolved together such that they form a symbiotic relationship known as mycorrhizae. the plant provides food for the fungus in the form of sugas produced from photosynthesis and the fungus provides the plant with water and minerals

what is a significant challenge for plants?

plantsface two significant challenges that include: getting sunlight and carbon dioxide as well as getting water and minerals

roots are to water and minerals as the shoots are to...

sugar

it is time to trim back your lilac bushes. you cut off a significant portion of the leaves. after a short amount of time it is obvious that the leaves are shriveling and dying. briefly explain why this has happened.

the cut leaves no longer have access to the water from the root system

list three functions of the root system

anchor the plant in the ground, distribute nutrients throughout the plant, and absorb water and nutrients from the soil

root nodules

some plant families, including legumes have these that house bacteria. the bacteria provide nitrogen-containing nutrients to the plant

mycorrhizae

many plant roots from mutually beneficial associations with fungi. these benefit the plant by increasing water and mineral absorption, and benefit the fungi by providing nourishment

A botanist is testing a new herbicide. After application of the herbicide, she observes that levels of carbon
dioxide are very low within the leaves and oxygen levels are very high. Based on this information, what
is the likely target of the herbicide?

a possible target of the herbicide is the stomata of the leaves. the herbicide likely caused the stomata to function improperly whichwould not allow carbon dioxide to enter or oxygen to leave

terminal bud

has newly formed leaves at the tip of the stem. by growing upward, this helps increas exposure of the plant to sunlight

flower

all plants have reproductive structures. this plant uses this for reproduction; other types of plants use different structures

node

a point on the stem where a leaf attaches

internode

the regio of the stem between nodes

leaf

these are the primary sites of photosynthesis in most plants. this consists of a flattened blade and a petiole (stalk) that joins the blade to the stems

tem

these generally grow above the grounf and support the leaves and the flowers

true or false plants have a hierarchial organization just as animals do

true

a _____ is a group of cells that works toward one or more particular functions

tissue

plasmodesmata

open channels through which materials can flow from cell to cell

what does phloem transport?

sugar

what does xylem transport?

water

what are both phloem and xylem responsible for?

transporting substances through the cell

dermal system function

forms protective outer covering that regulates gas exchange

vascular system function

transports water and nutrients

ground system function

performs photosynthesis and stores nutrients

true or false: there are three major evolutionary branches in the development of plants?

false, there were four mahor evolutionary branches in the development in plants

place the following plant types in the order in which they evolved: gymnosperms, bryophytes, angiosperms, and seedless vascular plants

bryophytes, seedless vasuclar plants; gymnosperms, and angiosperms

list three angiosperms that you can find in an area in which you live

carrots, blueberries, cherry tree

what was the significance of the evolution of vascular tissue and lignin?

these adaptations allowed plants to grow taller

gymnosperms were the first ______ plants

seedless

bryophytes description

nonvascular plants that grow in mats and depend on water to reproduce

seedless vascular plants description

have vascular tissue and lignin-hardened cell walls that allow them to grow taller

gymnosperms description

the first plants to produce seeds, which protected the embryo from drying out

angiosperms description

these plants have flowers that serve as a complex reproductive organ

two adaptations that plants have gained through evolution, which have allowed plants to survive on land

a waxy outer center that help reduce drying out and the protection of gametes and embryos

_____ are hte modern descedants of the first seedless, nonvascular plants

bryophytes

haploid is to ____ as diploid is to _____

gametophyte; sporophyte

true or false alternation of generations is performed by all eukaryotes

false, plants and multicellular algaie have alteration of generations

A critical problem for a plant is the distribution of water and sugar. What adaptation did plants develop to
overcome this?

plants have vascular tissue that allows them to transport nutrients around the plant

true or false bryophytes are the only plants that do not have vascular tissue

true

water is to _____ as sugar is to _____

xylem; phloem

sugar molecules flow from the ____ to the ______

sugar source; sugar sink

is the direction of sugar movement generally toward the root system or toward the shoot system?

generally toward the root system because it is stored there

what effect does a drug that causes the guard cells to remain open constantly have on transpiration?

the effect would be that transpiration would occur continuously

is the direction of water movement generally toward the root system or toward the shoot system?

generally toward the root system because water is needed for photosynthesis

list the two adaptations that seedless vascular plants developed to increase their competitiveness on land

lignin-hardened cell walls and vascular tissue

true or false ferns are the most common and recognizable seedless vascular plant

true

seedless vascular plants are able to grow quite a bit taller than bryophytes

this is possible becuase seedless vasuclar plants have lignin-hardened cell walls

sporophytes produce haploid cells using _____, while gametophytes use ___ to produce haploid cells

meiosis; mitosis

fern and byrophyte similarity

alternate generations and require moist conditions for reproduction

fern and bryophytes differences

ferns have lignin and vasuclar tissue bryophytes have neither

the gametophyte creates gametes that create the what?

diploid zygote

a seed consists of:

an embryo with a food supply inside a protective coating

explain why producing seeds is an advantage for plants

this negates the requirement for plants to be near water for reproduction

_______ were the first seed plants

gymnosperms

true or false gymnosperms can perform photosynthesis in winter

true

true or false angiosperms are the most dominant of the four plant groups

true

angiosperms have aevolved a ____ which is a structure that houses the ovary and develops into familiar fruits and seeds

flower

You are a botanist doing field research in Yosemite National Park. You come across a new species of
plant and observe that it has a red flower. What do you automatically know about the plant?

since the plant has a flower you know that it is an angiospermmo

nocot is to ___ cotyledon as a dicot is to ____ cotyledons

one; two

monocots root system is...

fibrous

dicots root system is...

taproot

monocots leaf vein is...

parallel leaf veins

dicot lead vein...

branched leaf veins

in one word, identify the singular purpose of an angiosperm's flowers and druits

reproduction

protects the ovule

ovary

where the egg develops

ovule

outer leaves of a flower

sepals

structure where spores are produced

anther

pollen-producing structure

stamen

occurs when pollen lands on the stigma

pollination

attracts pollinators

petals

the mature thickened ovary unltimately becomes the ____

fruit

compare and contrast the seeds of gymnosperms with those of angiosperms

the seeds of angiosperms are protected within the ovary, whereas the seeds of gymnosperms are not

true or false all plants grow to a certain size and stop

false plants keep growing unitl they die

during their lifetime, angiosperms will grow in both ___ and ____

length; thickness

annuals description

germinate from seeds, mature and die in a single growing season

biennials description

live for two years..flowering and seed production occurs during the second year

perrenials description

these plants live for many years and produce flowers and fruit each year