Phylogeny

Phylogenetic tree parts

branch

node

root

phylogenetic trees new species

• cladogenesis

• anagenesis

Cladogenesis

one species diverge into 2+ species

anagenesis

one species diverge into one new species

Clade

lineage that has common ancestor and ALL its descendants

• type of taxon

Taxon

biological group

like a monophyletic group

monophyletic group

taxonomic group that is a clade

taxonomic groups

• monophyletic

• paraphyletic

• polyphyletic

paraphyletic

common ancestor but not all descendants

polyphyletic

different species and different common ancestors

Homology

similarity due to descent from common ancestor

• bones

convergent evolution

different species having similar features due to natural selection

• analagous

  • wings

Plesiomorphy

shared ancestral (primitive) character

• shared by 2+ taxa and from older common ancestors

Synapomorphy

shared derived character

• from most recent common ancestor

Horizontal gene transfer

process of organism gaining genetic material from another organism without being its offspring

• early evolution

• among protists/prokaryotes