BIO 100 Lecture

Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis, Reproduction, Transcription, Translation, Viral Infection & Cancer Connection, Mutation, Vaccines (infection, detection, evolution, vaccination)

Why do cells replicate?

To make copies for growth and to replace damaged or lost cells.

What are the two main types of cells?

Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells.

What does it mean if something is statistically significant?

It means that the result is not random.

What happens when cell division checkpoints fail?

It can lead to cancer if there is enough DNA damage to interfere with multiple checkpoints.

What is a mutation?

A change in DNA that can be genetic (inherited) or caused by mutagens.

What is a mutagen?

A physical or chemical agent that changes DNA and causes mutations.

What is a carcinogen?

Any agent that causes cancer, which may be a mutagen or disrupt cellular metabolism.

What are proto-oncogenes?

Genes that normally promote cell division and differentiation but can mutate to become permanently activated oncogenes.

What is the result of DNA replication?

Two identical DNA molecules, each consisting of two sister chromatids.

What is a karyotype?

A display of an individual's complete set of chromosomes, showing humans as diploid (2n) with 46 total chromosomes.

What is the difference between diploid and haploid?

Diploid (2n) has two complete sets of chromosomes (46 in humans), while haploid (n) has one set (23 in humans).

What is synapsis in meiosis?

The close association of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

What is spermatogenesis?

The process that starts with spermatogonia (diploid) and ends with spermatids, which need maturation to swim and fertilize an egg.

What hormones drive the female reproductive system?

Estrogen and progesterone.

What is the role of testosterone in male reproduction?

It stimulates the development of sperm.

What is the follicular phase?

The phase in the menstrual cycle characterized by the presence of estrogen.

What hormone is present during the endometrium phase?

Progesterone.

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is then translated to protein.

• Explain the role and purpose of mitosis

• Identify the stages of mitosis

• Describe the events in each stage mitosis

• Differentiate between different stages of mitosis