1-3 outlines and etymology

Etymology

The study of word origins.

Gross Anatomy

Structures visible to the naked eye; also known as macroscopic anatomy.

Microscopic Anatomy

Structures requiring magnification for examination.

Cytology

The study of cells.

Histology

The study of tissues.

Regional Anatomy

The study of interrelationships of all structures specific to a region.

Systemic Anatomy

The study of structures that work together, like organ systems.

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Negative Feedback Loop

Reverses a change to restore balance in the body.

Positive Feedback Loop

Amplifies a change until completion.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) positions.

Coronal Plane

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right portions.

Body Cavities

Fluid-filled spaces that house and protect internal organs.

Dorsal Cavity

Contains the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral cavity (spinal cord).

Ventral Cavity

Contains thoracic (heart and lungs) and abdominopelvic cavities (digestive organs, bladder, reproductive organs).

X-Ray

Depicts a two-dimensional image of a body region, mainly showing hard tissues.

CT Scan

Analyzes several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures.

MRI

Provides soft tissue details, used for brain, spinal cord, joints, and muscles.

PET Scan

Measures metabolic activity, useful for cancer detection and brain disorders.

Ultrasound

Real-time imaging technique used in pregnancy and assessing blood flow.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell that stores DNA and regulates gene expression and cell activity.

Nuclear Envelope

The double membrane surrounding the nucleus, containing nuclear pores.

Nucleoplasm

The gel-like substance within the nucleus that contains DNA, enzymes, and ions.

Nucleolus

The site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis within the nucleus.

DNA Structure

Characterized by a double helix model composed of a sugar-phosphate backbone and nitrogenous base pairs (A-T, C-G).

Helicase

An enzyme that unzips DNA during the initiation step of DNA replication.

DNA polymerase

The enzyme responsible for adding complementary bases during the elongation step of DNA replication.

Point Mutations

A type of mutation that involves a change in a single nucleotide base pair.

Transcription

The process of synthesizing mRNA from DNA.

Translation

The process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.

mRNA

A type of RNA that carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome.

tRNA

Transfer RNA that transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures that assemble proteins by translating mRNA.

Cell Cycle

The series of phases that a cell goes through to grow, replicate DNA, and divide.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell spends 90% of its time, consisting of G1, S, and G2 phases.

Mitosis

The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

Prophase

The first phase of mitosis where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.

Metaphase

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes align in the center of the cell and spindle fibers attach.

Anaphase

The phase of mitosis where sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides.

Telophase

The final phase of mitosis where the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis

The process that occurs after mitosis to divide the cytoplasm and ensure each daughter cell has the necessary components.

Cell

The basic unit of life, first observed by Robert Hooke.

Plasma membrane

A phospholipid bilayer that forms a semi-permeable barrier protecting cell contents and regulating substance entry and exit.

Mitochondria

Known as 'The Powerhouse of the Cell'; the primary site of ATP production.

Ribosomes

The site of protein synthesis where amino acids are assembled into proteins during translation.

Golgi Apparatus

Referred to as 'The Cell’s Post Office'; modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.

Lysosomes

Organelles that break down waste, old organelles, and bacteria, acting as a recycling center.

Passive Transport

A transport mechanism that requires no energy and relies on concentration gradients.

Facilitated diffusion

A type of passive transport that requires channel or carrier proteins.

Isotonic Solution

A solution with equal concentrations, causing the cell to remain the same.

DNA Replication

The process that involves initiation, elongation, and termination to produce two identical DNA strands.

M Phase (Mitosis)

The phase in the cell cycle where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

Active Transport

A transport mechanism that requires ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient.

a, an

without; lack of; negation; absence of

ab

from; away from

abdomino

abdomen

aceto

vinegar; acid

achromo

colorless

acro

extremities

acromio

acromion

ad

to; toward; near

adeno

gland

adipo

animal fat

aeneo, chalco

bronze

aero, pneo, pneumo

air; lung

ambi

both

amphi

about; around; both sides

amylo

starch

ana

up; apart; across; throughout

angio

tube or blood vessel; vascular system

aniso

unequal

ankylo

stiffness; stricture; adhesion

ante

before

antero, anterio

before; front; in front

anthraco

coal

anti

against

aorto

aorta

apo

away; different from

appendico

appendix

aqueo

water

argenti, argento

silver

arterio

artery

arthro, articulo

joint

astragalo

astragalus

audio

pertaining to hearing

auri, auro

gold

auriculo

auricle

auto

self

azo

pertaining to nitrogen

bacterio

bacteria

balano

glans penis

baro

atmospheric pressure

bary

heavy

bathy, batho

deep; depth

bi(n)

both; two; double

bio

living; life

blepharo

eyelid

brady

slow