APUSH (Part 2) (1800-Reconstruction)

Marbury v. Madison

• 1803

• John Adams appoints a flurry of Federalists to the courts before leaving office (Midnight Judges)

• Thomas Jefferson denies of them, Marbury, his appointment, so he sues

• John Marshall’s ruling establishes judicial review

  • ability to decide unconstitutional v constitutional

Thomas Jefferson Presidency (Domestic)

• Jeffersonian Democracy

  • Emphasis on the common man

• Louisiana Purchase

  • Break from Jefferson’s anti-federalism, uses Hamilton’s federal bank to finance the expansion

  • Intends on giving the land to the common man (Jeffersonian Democracy)

Thomas Jefferson Presidency (Foreign)

• Embargo Act (1807)

  • Shuts down trade with all nations in response to Napoleonic Wars

  • Angers New England Federalists (who rely on international commerce)

• Quasi-War

  • Undeclared war against Barbary pirates

  • Another break from Jefferson’s previous political stances

• Non-intercourse Act

  • USA can trade with any nation but France and England

Nationalism v Sectionalism

• New England v The South

• Keep watch for these themes when studying

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

• Impressment

• HMS Leopard kidnaps American sailors

• leads to non-intercourse act

  • New England angry as they want to trade with Britain

Macan’s Bill #2 (1810)

Deal in which the first side that agrees to stop harassing American trade gets to resume trade with USA

France agrees, Britain still locked out of trade

Weakens American neutrality

Lead up to War of 1812

• Macan’s Bill #2

• Suspected British involvement in increasing Native attacks in new lands

• Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

  • American victory over Native alliance (led by Tecumseh and Prophet)

  • Natives look to British for alliance

• J.C Calhoun and Henry Clay call for war against British

War of 1812

• Congress declares war for the first time

• America v. Britain

• Federalists oppose the war, massive protests in New England (intense division across USA)

  • Dissidents trade with British, undermine USA

• Failed invasion of Canada, Toronto burned, England retaliates with burning of White House

• Treaty of Ghent (1815)

  • Both sides agree to stop fighting, draw

  • American reputation boosted, nationalism

Battle of Horseshoe-Bend

• During War of 1812

• American victory destroys Native coalition

• White people can now settle out west in new lands

Harvard Convention (1815)

• Federalists demands

  • President cannot declare embargoes, make it harder to declare war

• Threaten to have New England decede if demands not met

• Kills Federalist party, John Marshall is the last Federalist in power (SCOTUS)

  • Era of Good Feelings (only one party)

Market Revolution

Industrial Revolution in USA

Leads to industrious North, agrarian South (but both interdependent due to raw materials like cotton from the South being converted into manufactured goods in the North)

• Cotton Gin

Protective Tariff (1816)

England selling goods for cheap in the USA, which threatens the economy

Raises prices on British goods to make them more competitive with American goods, but now Americans respond by raising their own prices to match British prices

Hurts Southerners, they don’t manufacture (promotes sectionalism)

Era of Good Feelings

Only political party (Democratic-Republicans), Harvard conventions ruins Federalists

1815-1825

Panic of 1819

Loan crisis when people buy land out west they can’t afford

Banks in the North blamed (sectionalism)

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Missouri admitted as a slave state, upsets balance

• In return, Maine admitted as a free state to restore balance

• No slavery above 36 30 latitude

Andrew Jackson invasion of Florida (1819)

Spanish Florida hosting runaway slaves,British agents smuggling weapons to Natives

Jackson fed up, invades without permission

moment of nationalism

Adams-Onis Treaty = Spain sells Florida to USA

Tariff of Abominations (1828) and Nullification Crisis

• More tariffs on British

• British respond to US tariffs w/ their own

• Still disproportionately hurting the South

• J.C Calhoun issues South Carolina Exposition

  • State will not recognize the tariff

  • States’ Rights

  • sectionalism

  • In the Null. Crisis, Jackson, with the power of the Force Bill, threatens to invade SC

  • SC backs down, and Henry Clay gets Congress to lower tariffs

    • Nationalism

Jacksonian Democracy

• Populism

• Get the common man to like you and use them to get things done

Andrew Jackson Presidency (1829-1837)

• Democrat

• Many personal enemies

• Spoils System (surrounds self with yes men)

• Indian Removal Act

  • All Natives moved to Oklahoma (Trail of Tears)

  • Natives sue Georgia (Worchester v. GA), in which they win but Jackson ignores it (breaking balance of powers)

Bank War (1832)

• Jackson vs. Bank of the USA

• Jackson hates it, sees it as a remnant of Federalists, enemy of the common man

• Jackson redistributes money from the Bank of USA to smaller state banks (pet banks) (sectionalism)

Panic of 1837

• Another loan-crsis from people buying land out west they can’t afford

• Jackson issues “specie circular”

  • Prevents all future land sales from being made on credit

  • But since everyone is already broke, credit is actually necessary at this time

Whig Party (1830s)

• New Anti-Jackson party

• Era of Good Feelings ended (Democrats v. Whigs)

Texas Revolution (1835-1836)

• Steven Austin and "the “old 300” invited by Mexico to settle in Texas; Mexico giving tax exemptions to lure settlers

• Mexico abolishes slavery in 1930, to the detriment of white settlers

• Eventually white immigration gets out of control due to cheap Texan land

• Mexico falls under the dictatorship of Santa Anna, starts cracking down on Texan liberties

• Texas declares independence, defeat Mexicans and remove Santa Anna from power

• Texas becoming a slave state would upset balance; US-Mexican relations tense

Immigration in general (themes and why they come here, etc.)

• Social Stratification

  • People put into classes

• Concept of the “other”

  • Nativism

• Push factors

  • Political/economic instability

• Pull factors

  • Cheap land in USA, opportunity

Irish Immigration

• 1830s-1880s

• Irish become one of the lowest social classes, on par with African-Americans

• Stuck in eastern cities due to being broke

• Subject to Nativism: Catholic, promiscuous drunkards (that’s kinda harsh, don’t you say?)

• “Surplus Labor”

  • Irish become the first source of it

  • Desperate, not unionized (so lower pay)

  • Compete with free Black people for employment (leads to racism)

• Eventually climb social ladder and propagate Nativism themselves to future immigrants

1844 Philedelphia Ethnic Riots

• Irish children in what is essentially a protestant school system

• Want Catholic schools, but rumors spread that they just want God removed from school

• Sparks violent riots between Nativists and Irish

• Results in creation of private, Catholic schools

German immigration (1830s-1880s)

• More accepted

• Mostly middle class

• Protestant (which is why more accepted)

• Educated, avoid becoming surplus labor

• Settle mostly in the midwest

• value early public education (kindergarten)

• Abolitionist

Know Nothing Party (1855)

• Nativist response

• Anti-immigration

Antebellum Period

1820-1860

• Market Rev.

• Westward Expansion

• 2nd Great Awakening

• Reform movements

• Nationalism v. Sectionalism

2nd Great Awakening

• Many new protestant branches, outreach spreads to countryside (railroad infrastructure allows for quick spread of ideas)

• Main reformists are white, protestant, middle class, mostly female

• Mormonism

  • Joseph Smith

  • Polygamy

  • Migrate to Illinois, then Utah (after Smith is killed during an attack)

First Wave Feminism

• Suffrage

• “Declaration of Sentiments” (1848)

• Elizabeth Cody Stanton

• Harriet Beacher Stowe (abolitionist and feminist)

• Eventually takes a backseat to abolitionism

  • Sojournor Truth calls out anti-feminism in abolitionist movement

Manifest Destiny

Americans have the perfect society (exceptionalism), must spread it

Democrat-backed

Texas and Oregon

Abolitionism

• American Colonization Society (1817) calls for relocation of slaves to Africa

• Liberty Party (1840) advocates for the end of slavery by means of the law

• American Anti-Slavery Society argued that the Constitution was evil, look to God instead

• Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

  • Educated slaves assembles a team, violently liberates multiple plantations

  • South responds with tighter laws, no education of slaves allowed

• William Lloyd Garrison (radical journalist (anti-constitution), “The Liberator,” Frederick Douglas

Oregon Crisis

• Possible war w. Britain

• President Polk comprises and ends the crisis with new Borders

• But, he doubles down with the Texas issue (“England is strong and Mexico is weak”)

Transcendentalism

• People

  • Ralph Waldo Emerson - Self-reliance

  • Henry David Thoreau - “On Civil Disobedience” (non-violence; resist overbearing gov.)

  • Walt Whitman - “Leaves of Grass”

• Non-conformity

• Individualistic

• Spiritual

• Bold/Resilient

• Integrity

• Unapologetic

Mexican-American War Causes

• Annexation of Texas despite Mexican objection

• USA troop build-up in disputed territory

• Mexican nationalism

• Mexican junta under Santa Anna vows a war

• Mexicans strike first (on disputed land)

Mexican-American War

• Vastly superior American army successfully invades Mexico, captures California

• Anti-war Whigs vs. Manifest Destiny Democrats

  • Democrats wish to annex Mexico as a slave state

• Treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo

  • War ends with annexation of California, Utah, New Mexico, and more (all of Northern Mexico)

Wilmot Proviso

States that all new states will be free states from now on

Fails in senate, but becomes ideological basis of anti-slavery politicians

The system of Slavery in the South (“The Peculiar Institution”)

• ~75% of White people didn’t even own slaves

• Society dominated by the small, planter elite class

• Paternalism

  • White savior theory (we must “protect” inferior races)

  • slaves are ‘family’

  • Plantation Literature

    • Promotes myth that slavery is enjoyable and familial

• Southerners believe the “wage slavery” of the North is worse

Compromise of 1850

• California becomes a free state, but half the state is below the Missouri Compromise line; sparks intense debate

• President Fillmore passes compromise

• Utah and New Mexico subject to popular sovereignty (people vote on slavery)

• Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

  • All Northerners required to report fugitive slaves, or else they will be arrested

  • Results in ‘false positives,’ polarization/radicalization of the North

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

• Story about runaway slave (notice the date; what act was passed around that time?)

• Popular fiction’s effect on American politics

• More polarization

Bleeding Kansas

• Popular sovereignty fails, mass influx of supporters from both sides to sway vote, end up engaging in armed conflict (essentially a proto-civil war)

• Both Presidents Pierce and Buchanan support the slave constitution

Republican Party

• Anti-slavery coalition

• Party system now Republicans v. Democrats

• Grounded in the Wilmot Proviso

Ostend Manifesto Incident (1854)

• Plan to invade Cuba and make a slave state

• Fails after it’s leaked

• Southerners becoming desperate

Sumner-Brooks incident (1856)

• Abolitionist Sumner (R-MA) likens slavery to prostitution, personally insults senator Brooks (D-SC)

• Brooks beats Sumner with a cane

• No punishment, further polarization

Panic of 1857

• Over-speculation in railroad companies

• North especially hit (more industrialized), all crucial financial centers hurt

• But… King Cotton “saves the day”

  • Southern exports keep economy alive

  • temporarily halts secession

Dred Scott case

• African-Americans cannot be citizens

• “Right to property” —> slavery now technically legal nationwide

  • Previous compromises deemed “unconstitutional”

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859)

• Armed Abolitionist extremists led by John Brown plan on raiding Southern plantations and sparking a slave revolt

• Fails after army defeats Brown, arrests and executes him

• South begins to organize militias in response

Secession and the Start of the Civil War

• Election of 1860

  • Republican Abraham Lincoln wins election

  • South now feels they have lost their voice in the government, triggers secession

• South Carolina becomes the first state to do so

• Lincoln denies right to secession, but asserts that the North will not attack first

• South attacks first at Fort Sumter, starting the war

Antebellum Reform Movements

• The Utopians

  • Transcendentalism

  • Communes like the Shakers

• Temperance Movement

  • Female-led anti-alcohol

  • Nativist undertones (Irish and Germans consume a lot of alcohol)

• Public Schooling

  • Horace Mann and education reform

  • Education of teachers (“normal schools”)

  • McGuffey Readers (instilling American values in kids)

  • universal white suffrage (educated voter base needed)

• Prison and Asylum (elimination of debtors’ prisons, juvenile detention, mental asylums)

• Abolitionism

Civil War: Issues (and an advantage) with the CSA (Confederates)

• Crashed economy

• War will eventually become about slavery, lead to international isolation

• Smaller population (5:1 North to South population ratio)

• Better leadership (Robert E. Lee)

• More will to fight (“the cause”)

• Potential for foreign allies (England)

Civil War: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Union

• Massive volunteer drive (more manpower)

• Higher population

• Poor leadership (McClellan)

• Technology and Industry

• Naval Power

• Stronger economy

• Stronger supply lines

Border States in the Civil War

• Slavery legal, but not in the CSA

• Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland

• Lincoln had to keep them in the Union (Why slavery won’t be the cause of the war yet)

• Maryland is polarized, attacking Union troops

  • Lincoln expands his authority and occupies Baltimore

  • Suspends Habeus Corpus

  • Martial law and voter intimidation in these states

New technology in the Civil War

• Minie Ball

• Rifled Musket

• Telegraphs/railroads (supplies and communication)

• Ironclads (steamships with weapons)

• Machine gun (towards the end of the war)

• Repeating Rifle

Battle of Shiloh (1862)

• Grant’s invasion of Tennessee halted by CSA, Grant counterattacks

• Union victory, invasion of Mississippi now possible

• Extremely heavy casualties on both sides

Civil War Profiteering

• Bribes for war contracts

• Rich Man’s War, Poor Man’s Fight

• The rich can pay to legally dodge the draft

NYC Draft Riots (1863)

• Irish and German immigrants protesting the Civil War draft, target African-Americans

• Lincoln suppresses it

Dakota Uprising (1862)

• Natives being exploited by USA, food supply low

• Attack white settlements, but Union suppresses it

  • 38 hung, rest are relocated west

Black soldiers in the Civil War

• Initially a “White Man’s Fight” and Black people prevented from enlisting

• Runaway slaves begin to be informally incorporated into Union army

• (1863) 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment has the first Black soldiers officially fighting for the Union

• Boosts Union manpower advantage

Trent Affair (1861)

• USS Trent halts an English vessel containing CSA diplomats, arrests all onboard

• Britain is angered, mobilizes troops in Canada

• USA is able to defuse the situation, Britain backs down

• The English will still interfere slightly on behalf of the CSA until the Emancipation Proclamation (CSS Alabama was an English-built ship operated by the CSA)

Peninsular Campaign (1862)

• McClellan is one of the worst US commanders

• Ruins numerical advantage by ordering a useless naval invasion

• Costly and lengthy drive up the James peninsula ends in Union defeat, Richmond reinforced and protected by CSA

Battle of Antietam (1862)

• Robert E. Lee makes attempt to invade the North

• McClellan ignores important intelligence that could have won the battle early

• Union initially wins solely on numerical advantage, and heavy casualties on both sides leads the South to retreat

• McClellan refuses to pursue and finish off Lee’s army, so battle comes to a draw the war continues for another 2 years

Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincoln doesn’t free any slaves, but..

• England ends its involvement

• Robs South of “the Cause”

• Expanded recruitment of Black soldiers

• Paves way for 13th Amendment

Freedmen

• Freed slaves

• Issues

  • Need economic support

  • Education

  • Citizenship

  • Protection (KKK)

Chancellorsville (1863)

• Stonewall Jackson gets a decisive CSA victory, but is killed in action by friendly fire

• Lee is desperate and needs to end war, will attempt again to invade North

Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

• Lee’s invasion of the North (Pennsylvania)

• Fails, high casualties for the CSA that cannot be replaced

• Turning point in the war

Election of 1864

• “National Unity Party” of Republicans and pro-war Democrats, Lincoln wins in a landslide

Sherman’s March to the Sea (1864) and the End of the War

• March to Savanna, GA

• Burns and loots towns on the way (“Destroy the South”)

• Savanna burned

• Southern war effort collapses

• Surrender at Appomattox (1865)

  • Lincoln wants post-war unity, easy terms on the South

  • Lee surrenders, Civil War ends

• Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth

Reconstruction (1865-1877)

• Led by President Andrew Johnson initially

• Rise of Radical Republicans who want harsh response to South

• Lincoln wanted to ease the South back into the Union

Freedman’s Bureau

• Give Black Americans education

• Initially successful, but President Johnson vetoes it

Carpetbaggers

• Northern profiteers buying property from former Southern planters

• Sometimes run the sharecropping plantations