principles (4ish; midterm)- respirator muscles and nervous system

prep for midterm; no 4th quiz

sternocleidomastoid

sternum and clavicle are origin

mastoid process is insertion

lateral anterior region of the neck that is responsible for flexing and rotating the head

unilateral contraction moves head forward when origin is fixed, while bilateral contraction flexes the neck.

contracts during inhalation

intercostals

fit in between ribs—all connected to move as unit

internal intercostals: run anteriorly and superiorly connecting ribs (kiss!)

external intercostals: superficial connecting ribs to other ways in opposite diagonal way (pockEts!)

innermost intercostals: most deep muscles

serratus posterior superior

origin: spinous processes of c7-t3

insertion: ribs 1-5

bumpy like serrated knife

when contracted, lifts ribs for breathing

serratus posterior inferior

origin: spinous processes of t12-l3

insertion: ribs 9-12

forceful exhalation; depresses ribs

scalenes

scalenus anterior, scalenus medius, scalenus posterior

assist breathing by lifting first two ribs

rotates neck

diaphragm

tucked inside ribs

inserts on its own central tendon

3 major origins: sternal, costal, vertebral

3 openings: vena cava, aorta, esophagus

when contracting, pulls flat—more space for lungs to breathe

cannot push out, only relaxes

central nervous system

brain, brainstem, spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

all other nerves in the body

sensory (afferent) neurons

convert external stimuli (touch, light, sound) into internal electrical signals for central nervous system

motor (efferent) neurons

carry electrical signals away from the central nervous system to muscles to initiate movement

synapse

junction between axon of 1 neuron and 1 dendrite

primary controller of path of neural impulses

synaptic facilitation

impulses activated the past, primary contributor to motor learning

override by touch, visual, verbal, metaphorical stimuli

mass body reflexes

flexor reflex: if one flexor contracts hard enough, all flexors will go

extensor reflex: if one extensor contracts hard enough, all extensors will go

cross extensor: skipping/ walking

kinesthetic sense

perception of motion and postion

proprioception

perception of position