1.8 Construct an atomic level explanation for why two isolated atoms would attract each other as they approach, and why they would repel if they get too close together.

Why do two isolated atoms attract as they approach each other?

• The positively charged nucleus of one atom attracts the negatively charged electrons of the other

• As they move closer, potential energy decreases, making the system more stable

• This attraction can lead to bond formation if conditions allow

Why do two atoms repel if they get too close together?

• When atoms get very close, their electron clouds push against each other, creating repulsion

• The positive nuclei also repel each other

• This increases potential energy, forcing the atoms apart

How does kinetic energy affect atomic attraction?

• Atoms are always in motion due to thermal energy

• If kinetic energy is too high, atoms move too fast and may not bond

• If kinetic energy is low enough, attractive forces can bring them together

What determines whether two atoms attract, repel, or form a bond?

• If potential energy decreases and kinetic energy is low, atoms attract and may bond

• If potential energy increases due to repulsion, atoms push apart