Chapter 1- Introduction to Physiology

Physiology

Study of how living organisms function

Anatomy

Study of the structure of an organism

pathophysiology

Disease states and altered physiological processes

integrative

Physiology is a/n _________ science

molecules to populations

What levels of organization in an organism does Physiology work at?

cells

smallest living organization

tissues and organs

groups of cells with related functions

lumen

a space within the body

Complex functions that emerge when the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

What are emergent properties?

emergent properties

What are emotion and intelligence examples of?

tissues

Aggregates of a single type of specialized cell

Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, Muscle

What are the 4 types of tissues in the body

Organs

Collection of tissues joined together in a structural unit to serve a common function.

Organ Systems

Multiple organs that work together to conduct an overall function

Regulate internal environment through filtration and excretion

Function of the urinary system

Integumentary System

The outer skin of the body for covering and protection

musculoskeletal system

Muscles and bones that allow support and movement

Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

Systems used for exchange between internal and external environments

Distribution of materials throughout the body

Function of the circulatory system

Nervous and endocrine systems

Function in the coordination of body function

Scatted cells and tissues that protect the body by removing pathogens

Structure and function of the Immune system

nutrients, gaseous materials, metabolic waste, body heat

What does blood carry through the body?

mechanistic approach or process

describes the “how”

Teleological approach or function

describes the “why”

structure and function relationships, energy needs, information flow, homeostasis

4 Key themes in physiology

37 degrees Celsius

Body temperature at homeostasis

within a tenth of 7.4

pH of the blood at homeostasis

under 0.1%

blood sugar at homeostasis

homeostasis

maintains the physiological variables of the body within a predictable range

dynamic

homeostasis is a _______ process

Physiology, pathophysiology

When homeostasis is maintained, we refer to _________;__ when it is not, we refer to ______________

Regulated change

the human body reacts to infections by raising body temperature (changing homeostatic set point) is an example of….

intracellular fluid

separated by the cell membrane from the extracellular space

Extracellular Fluid

Also known as interstitial fluid

mass balance

to maintain a constant level of any material inside the body, a \n gain must be offset by a loss

accumulation

occurs when inputs are greater than outputs

deficiency

occurs when outputs are greater than inputs

intake or metabolism

how can the body gain a substance

metabolism and excretion

how can the body lose a substance

Disequilibrium

Differences in ICF vs. ECF

Stability

Is homeostasis Stability or Equality?

receptor

detects change in some variable in internal environment

control center

processes information from receptor and directs an appropriate response to maintain homeostasis

effector

responds to signal from control center to restore homeostasis

local signaling

cell to cell signaling restricted to a tissue

long distance signaling

signaling for widespread systemic changes

response loop and feedback loop

2 parts of long-distance signaling

decreases

In a negative feedback loop, the initial stimulus triggers a response

\n ◦ That response __________ the stimulus

Positive feedback

\-Not homeostatic \n ◦ Sends regulated variable further from set point

negative feedback

Which type of feedback is homeostatic

biological rhythms

Regulated variables create that repeating patterns

24

Circadian rhythm cycles approximately once every ______ hours