Biology - Organic Compound Groups

What are macromolecules

Made from hundreds-thousands of smaller molecules

What process are macromolecules formed through

Polymerization/Dehydration Synthesis

Why is carbon such an important element?

It has 4 valence electrons, meaning it can bond 4 times. It is the only organic compound that can do this.

Carbohydrate Monomer

Monosaccharides (simple)

Carbohydrate Polymer

Polysaccharides (complex)

Carbohydrate Functions

- Source of Energy (starches/glycogen)
- Structure (celulose)

Carbohydrate (Foods Its Found In)

Pasta, Bread, Starches, Sweets

Carbohydrate Structure (Shape)

Ring (Hexagons/Pentagons)

Carbohydrate Ratio

1:2:1

Carbohydrate Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Types of Monosaccharides

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

Types of Polysaccharides

Starches, Glycogen, Cellulose

Formula for glucose sugar

C6H12O6

How do we break apart the monomers?

Hydrolysis

Lipid Monomer

Glycerol, Fatty Acids

Lipid Polymer

Tri-glyceride

Lipid Functions

- Store Energy
- Water Proof Covering
- Important for Membranes

Lipid (Foods Its Found In)

Oils, Butter, Meat

Lipid Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Lipid (Reaction to Water)

Not Soluble

What does the non solubility of lipids tell you about them?

Its Non-Polar

What is a saturated lipid?

When all the carbons are bonded once. (Full)

What is a unsaturated lipid?

When there are multiple bonds between the same molecules (double bonds). (Not Full)

What tends to be true about unsaturated lipids?

They are less orderly, missing elements, and they are usually liquids.

Nucleic Acid Monomer

Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Polymer

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid (double helix)
RNA - Ribonucleic acid (one strand)

Nucleic Acid Functions

Store + Transfer Hereditary/Genetic Information

Nucleic Acid (Foods Its Found In)

Like, everything

Nucleic Acid Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

How many parts are in ONE nucleotide

3

What are the parts to a nucleotide?

Phospate, 5 Carbon Sugar, Nitrogenous Base

What is a 5 Carbon Sugar?

Pentose sugar, Either ribose or deoxyribose

Why are the polymers of nucleic acids so important?

They tell the cell what to do, and are important for reproduction.

Protein Monomer

Amino Acid

Protein Polymer

Polypeptide

Protein Functions

- Controlling Rate of Chem Reactions(Enzymes) + Regulate Cell Processes
- Needed for Cell-Structure
- Cell Transport
- Helps Fight Disease

Protein (Foods Its Found In)

Meat, Fish, Eggs, Dairy, Nuts

Protein Elements

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen

What two things do every amino acid have?

An Amino Acid Group = NH2
A Carboxyl Group = COOH

What does the 'R' represent in a diagram?

It is a placeholder letter, like the variable x. Since all amino acids have different make-ups, this used for later reference.

What are the covalent bonds of two amino acids called?

Peptide Bonds

What changes the specific functions of an amino acid?

The order they are linked together.

How many levels are there to a proteins make-up?

3/4

Primary (Protein)

The amino acid sequence (amino acids)

Secondary (Protein)

How it folds/coils (a-helixes/b-sheets)

Tertiary (Protein)

The final 3D structure of the protein (polypeptide chains)

Quaternary (Protein)

Multiple coming together (complex of protein molecule)

What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

A monomer is a single atom, small molecule, or molecular fragment that, when bonded together with identical and similar types of monomers, form a larger, macromolecule known as a polymer.

Levels of Organization(Smallest to Largest)

Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Cells, Tissues

Structural Characteristics of Lipids

A glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) + phosphate grp (hydrophillic)

Structural Characteristics of Proteins

They contain variable group of a carboxyl group, a R(varient), and an amino group

Structural Characteristics of Nucleic Acids

Long chainlike molecules composed of a series of nearly identical building blocks called nucleotides.

Saturated vs Unsaturated Lipids

Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Relationship between DNA and proteins

DNA, RNA, and protein are all closely related. DNA contains the information necessary for encoding proteins, although it does not produce proteins directly. RNA carries the information from the DNA and transforms that information into proteins that perform most cellular functions.

What does 'Iodine' test for?

Starches/Carbohydrates

What does 'Benedict's' test for?

Sugar/Glucose

What does 'Biuret' test for?

Proteins

What does the term 'organic' mean? (In relation to what we are learning)

When it contains carbon

Is a water molecule considered organic or inorganic?

Inorganic

Is a glucose molecule considered organic or inorganic?

organic

What molecule gets added to a polymer to pull it apart into smaller monomers?

Water

What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a molecule of glucose?

2:1

What is the function of glycogen in animals and the function of starch in plants?

Energy Source

What is the name of a plant carbohydrate that is used for structure?

Cellulose

Which of the groups of organic compounds do not dissolve in water, and include fats, oils, and waxes?

Lipids (non-soluble)

Which of the 4 groups of organic compounds consist of a head and tails arrangement, and may be used for long-term energy storage?

Lipids (long-term storage)

True or false: lipid structure is a long chain of carbons usually surrounded by hydrogen

True

6 glucose molecules are bonded together to make a short starch molecule. How many water molecules needed to be removed via dehydration synthesis in order to bond all of the glucose molecules?

5

A cell is trying to replicate its polymer of Nucleic Acid in order to pass on its genetic information on to its offspring. What is the cell duplicating?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Which group on the structure is the group that gives this monomer its "identity" (what makes it different from other monomers of the same group)?

The Functional Group

A sunflower is growing in a pot by the window in the classroom. Every week it gets taller and taller. What carbohydrate is the sunflower using to grow more?

Cellulose (to grow)

The COOH is known as the...

Carboxyl Group

What is the NH2 group called?

Amino Group

10 Amino Acids are bonded together using dehydration synthesis. There are 9 total bonds that hold them all together. What kind of bond is there between the amino acids?

Peptide