GCSE WJEC Eduqas History-USA

Describe the Wall Streets Crash.

19th October 1929-3.5 million shares bought and sold and prices began to fall quickly.

Thursday 24th October 1929-"Black Thursday",13 million shares traded and prices collapsed.

Investors lost millions of dollars.

Describe the impact of the Wall Street Crash on unemployment.

End of 1929- 2.5 million people unemployed.

End of 1930-5 million people unemployed.

End of 1931-9 million people unemployed.

End of 1932-13.5 million people unemployed.

Describe the impact of the Wall Street Crash on depression in the cities.

Factories began to close down.

People stopped spending.

Almost one third of the workforce was unemployed.

People lost their homes.

Some moved into Hoovervilles, some slept on the streets and others travelled the country as Hobos.

Black workers were the first to be sacked.

Black unemployment was at 50% by 1933.

White unemployment was at 20% by 1933.

Describe the impact of the Wall Street Crash on depression in the countryside.

Farmers went bankrupt as they couldn't sell their produce.

Drought in 1931 reduced prices and deceased output.

Oklahoma,Colorado,New Mexico and Kansas hit worst by the drought- Know as the "Dust Bowl" 20 million hectares of land.

1 million people went to west coast for fruit-growing jobs.

From Oklahoma-"Okies"

From Arkansas-"Arkies"

Describe the impact of the Wall Street Crash on family life.

Marriage rate fell from 1.23 million in 1929 to 982,00 in 1932.

Suicide rates rose from 12.6 per 1,000 in 1926 to 17.4 per 1,000 people.

Schools closed for 10 months of the year as there was not enough money to pay teachers.

1932-Estimated 25% of the country recieving no income.

Relied on charities such as the Red Cross.

Describe Hoovervilles.

Slums on the outside of towns and cities.

Sarcastic name due to Hoover's lack of support and relief.

No running water or sewage system.

At peak , several hundred thousand people lived in Hoovervilles.

"Hoover Blankets"-Layers of newspaper.

"Hoover Flag"-Trouser pockets turned inside out to show lack of money.

"Hoover Wagons"-Cars with horses tied to them to show lack of money to buy petrol.

Describe the Bonus Marchers.

First World War veterans who were promised a bonus for serving in the war payable in 1945.

Couldn't wait that long so in May and June 1932 Bonus Expeditionary Forces , made of 12,000 veterans marched to Washington DC.

Took wives and children with them.

Built a Hooverville outside the capital.

Would have cost $2.3 million to pay bonuses.

Congress p[aid for transport home but 5,000 refused.

Labelled communists by government.

Conflict broke out- 2 veterans killed.

Army used tear gas- killed a baby and 100 people injured.

Describe Hoover's early policies.

Laissez faire(leave alone) and rugged individualism when dealing with the economy.

Met with business leaders to cut wages and production levels.

Hawley Smoot Tariff Act 1930-Protected US farmers by putting tariffs on foreign goods. Countries refused to trade with the US.

Agricultural Marketing Act 1930- Government lent money to farmers through cooperatives which tried to fix prices to reasonable levels.

Cut takes by $130 million.

Won congress approval of $1.8 billion for new construction and road and damn repair.

Describe Hoover's policies in 1932.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (February 1932)-Largest federal aid given, $2 billion loans to banks, insurance companies and railroads,designed to last 2 years.

Emergency Relief Act(ERA,July 1932)-Provided state governments with $3000 million to help the unemployed.

Home Loan Bank Act(July 1932)-Stimulated house building and home ownership.12 regional banks set up with $125 million.

Describe the successes of Hoover's policies.

Sent $1.5 billion on public work schemes.

Persuaded local governments to expand their public works programmes.

Implemented policies that were continued by Roosevelt- such as helping banks and home owners.

Describe Roosevelt's election in 1932.

Won by a landslide, 48 states against 6 states.

Hoover blamed for Depression.

Roosevelt had overcome polio.

Roosevelt had created optimism in the country.

Roosevelt offered a simple message.

Roosevelt's new deal offered hope for Americans.

Describe the aims of the New Deal.

Relief-Assist in the removal of poverty .Provide food for the starving.Intervene to prevent people from loosing homes/farms.

Recovery-Boost the economy so people could get jobs.

Reform-Ensure that there were welfare provisions in the future to help the unemployed ,old, sick, disabled and destitute.

Describe the Hundred Days.

9th March 1933- 16th June 1933.

Roosevelt allowed to bypass congress to pass acts.

Roosevelt needed to stem the banking crisis.

20,00 banks had closed in the year before.

Closed all banks for 10 days and on radio with 60 million listeners he explained his plans.

Allowed banks with assets to re-open and those without would shut down.

Said banks were safer.

Became one of many of the fireside chats.

Describe the Agricultural Adjustment Act.

Set up to increase farm prices and farmers' income.

Production levels had to drop.

Government paid farmers to produce less.

5 million pigs killed and thousands of hectares of cotton were ploughed back into the ground.

By 1936 income was 1.5 times higher than in 1933.

The Act was rejected by the Supreme Court in 1936.

Describe the Civilian Conservation Corps.

Created jobs for men aged between 18-25 who were hobos or living in Hoovervilles.

Planted trees to avoid soil erosion.

Received clothes,food and $1 a day.

August 1933-250,000 men in the CCC

1941-More than 2 million members.

Describe the Civil Works Administration

Created public jobs.

January 1934-4 million unskilled Americans on the CWA's payroll.

Some built roads however some jobs were laughed at such as scaring birds away from buildings and sweeping leaves in parks.

Describe the Emergency Banking Act

Set up to restore confidence in the banking system.

Prevented banks from investing savings deposits in the stock markets which was too unpredictable to guarantee the safety of those funds.

Describe the Farm Credit Act

Gave low-interest loans to farmers to help them pay their debts such as mortgages.

20% of farmers benefited from the scheme.

Describe the Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Provided $500 million for emergency relief through grants to state and local agencies.

Temporary because Roosevelt did not want his opponents to think the government was just handing money out to the unemployed.

Describe the National Recovery Administration

Set fair prices,wages and working conditions such as maximum hours and minimum wage.

Publicity campaign to get business leaders to comply.

Blue eagle poster and asked people to only buy goods displaying the poster.

Removed by the Supreme Court in 1935.

Describe the Public Works Administration and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.

PWA-Spent $3.3 billion on large scale public works.

RFC-Roosevelt pumped $15 billion into Hoover's agency.Banks and businesses were able to use the money to restart

Describe the Tennessee Valley Association

Aimed at regenerating the Tennessee Valley region which was one of the most depressed regions in America.

Half of the population of 2.5 million receiving relief and annual flood damage of 1.75 million.

Created damns to generate electricity and controlled flooding.

Built recreational areas as well as health and welfare facilities.

Covered 7 states and 104,000 km2 of land with a population of 7 million people.

Opposition from farmers whose land was flooded and some big businesses who felt the US was moving towards socialism.

Describe the second New Deal.

End of 1934-Still 10 million unemployed Americans.

January 1935-Roosevelt introduced his second New Deal to reform America.

Describe the Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Headed by Harry Hopkins-previously in charge of FERA.

Funded building projects.

Organised a $4.8 billion relief programme.

Put unemployed teachers back to work.

Created community service schemes to employ creative professions.

Describe The National Labour Relations Act

The Wagner Act.

Boosted workers rights.

Trade union membership increased from 3 million in 1933 to 9 million in 1939.

Set up National Relations Board which was given the power to act against employers who were unfair to workers.

Describe the Fair Labour Standards Act

Minimum wage established.

Maximum working hours established.

300,000 workers secured higher wages.

Over a million workers had a shorter working week.

Child labour was only allowed on farms.

Describe the Social Security Act

Government accepted full responsibility for meeting the basic needs of its citizens.

Gave pension benefits to elderly,orphaned and those injured in industrial accidents.

Gave unemployment benefits funded by a tax on the payrolls of employers.

How did the New Deal change the role of the President?

Restored the faith of people in the government after Hoover's laissez-faire approach.

Preserved democracy and ensured that there was no mass support for right-winged politicians.

Extended the role of central government and the President.

Federal government became directly involved in areas previously run by state governments.

How did the New Deal change the economy?

Established the Us banking system and cut the number of business failures.

Only provided short term solutions.

Greatly improved the infrastructure of USA by providing roads,schools and power stations.

Us took longer to recover than other countries as it went back into a depression in 1937.

How did the New Deal affect unemployment and industrial workers?

The Alphabet Agencies only provided short term jobs.

Unemployment fell from 24.9 million in 1933 to 14.3 million in 1937.

The NRA and the second New Deal greatly strengthened labour unions.

How did the New Deal change social welfare?

The Social Security Act provided the USA with a semi-welfare state .

Some argued that it put too much pressure on the taxpayer and encouraged people to live off of the state.

How did the New Deal affect women?

Some state governments avoided welfare payments top women by introducing special qualifications.

Women achieved prominent positions in the New Deal such as Eleanor Roosevelt and Frances Perkins.

Some of the National Industry recovery Act codes of 1933 required women to pay less than men.

Only 8,000 women were employed by the CCC out of a total of 2.75 million people.

Describe individual opposition to the New Deal.

Huey Long-Governor of the state of Louisiana.Long claimed Roosevelt wasn't sharing the wealth-"Share Our Wealth" Slogan.Attracted support but was killed by a doctor whose career he ruined.

Catholic Priest Father Charles Coughlin-Criticised it for not helping the needy.Weekly radio broadcast influenced 40 million people.

Dr Francis Townsend-Former Army doctor.Supported by the elderly who gained little from the New Deal.Townsend Club gained 5 million members by 1935.

Describe political opposition to the New Deal.

Republicans opposed the New Deal as they believed that Roosevelt was helping people too much and changing the accepted role of government.

American Liberty League was set up in 1934 to preserve freedom and was backed by wealthy business men.New Deal threatened constitution and freedom of individualism.

Some Democrats opposed the New Deal.Came from the South's farming areas.Against the Wagner Act which gave power to trade unions..

Describe the "Sick Chickens" case of 1935.

Involved 4 brothers who ran a poultry business.

in 1933 they signed the rules of the NRA which had been set up by the National Industrial Recovery Act.

1935-Taken to court by the NRA for selling a batch of diseased chickens unfit for human consumption.

Brothers appealed in the Supreme Court which declared the NIRA illegal because it was unconstitutional.

As a result 750 of the NRA codes were scrapped.

Describe the US vs. Butler case of 1936.

Supreme court declared the Agricultural Adjustment Act illegal.

Judges declared helping farmers was a state matter not a federal one.

As a result help to all farmers ceased.

Describe Big Business and the War effort.

Roosevelt was determined to make use of leading businessmen to provide for the need of war.

War Production Board was lead by industrialists .

Roosevelt called a meeting with industrialists to ask their advice on meeting the demands of wartime production and setting targets.

Vast majority of contracts went to large firms which made them a lot of money.

Describe the fear of communism in the USA.

Us was capitalist.

Bolshevik revolution in 1917 in the USSR.

Red Scare-Fear of communism in the USA.

McCarthyism-practice of making accusations of communism with little or no real evidence.

Describe the Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe.

Red army occupied areas that they liberated from the Nazi's in the Second World War.

Closely controlled by Moscow.

Soviet Satellite States: Poland,Romania,Bulgaria,Czechoslovakia and Hungary.

Truman convinced they wanted to expand into Western Europe.

Describe the Yalta Conference of January 1945.

Attended by Churchill,Stalin and Roosevelt.

Agreed Germany and Berlin would be divided into 4 zones.

Dispute into how much Germany should pay in reparation and the future government in Poland.

Describe the Potsdam Conference of 1945

Truman and Stalin disagreed.

Stalin wanted to cripple Germany,Truman refused.

Agreed to:

Divided Germany and Berlin into 4 zones controlled by one of the allies.

Demilitarise Germany.

Re-establish Democracy in Germany.

Germany's reparations.

Banned Nazi Party.

Participate fully in UN.

Move Poland's frontier westwards.

Describe the Long Telegram.

George Kennan-USA's Deputy Chief Mission in US embassy in Moscow in 1946.

Saw USSR as aggressive and suspicious and recommended firm action.

Greatly influenced Truman's policies in the Cold War,especially containment.

Describe the Truman Doctrine.

March 1946-Churchill's Iron Curtain speech.

1947 -Britain withdrew aid from Greece and Turkey.

USA stepped in and gave aid

due to Truman's fear that the countries would come under Soviet influence.

Describe the consequences of the Truman Doctrine.

Greece defeated communism.

USA and USSR rivalry increased.

USA became more involved in European affairs.

USA provided financial aid to Europe via the Marshall Plan.

1947-Stalin set up Communist Information Bureau to link all communist parties in Europe.

Describe the Marshall Plan.

Economic aid to Europe.

Announced by Us Secretary of State General George Marshall in June 1947.

In the form of cash,machinery,food and technology.

Countries would in return buy US goods and allow US companies to invest in them.

Recovered factories.

Europe was now firmly divided into East and West..

By 1953 provided $17 billion in aid.

Describe the reasons for the Berlin Crisis of 1948-9.

Western zones of Germany received lots of money from the Marshall Plan.

Set up democracies and free elections.

Stark contrast top Stalin's policies.

When the allies introduced plans for a West German state and a new currency ,Stalin accused the West of interfering in the Soviet Zone.

Describe the events of the Berlin Crisis of 1948-9.

24th June 1948-Stalin cut off all road,rail and canal traffic to Berlin in an attempt to starve the allies out of Berlin.

Allies decided to airlift supplies to Berlin from their bases in the west.

Airlift began on the 28th June.

Lasted for 10 months and was named Operation Plainfare.

Planes were flying day and night.

13,00 tonnes of supplies and 1,398 planes at peak.

Great shortages still existed in the city.

Describe the result of the Berlin Crisis of 1948-9.

12 May 1949-Stalin called off the blockade.

Celebrations on the street of Berlin.

Increased East-West rivalry.

Lead to the creation of NATO.

Containment had worked.

Great victory for Truman.

Describe NATO.

April 1949-North Atlantic Treaty was signed,establishing NATO.

Defensive alliance with a main goal to prevent Soviet expansion.

Stalin said it was an aggressive alliance and set up the Warsaw Pact.

8 nations headed up by the USSR.

Describe the Berlin Crisis of 1961.

August 1961-Khrushchev ordered the construction of a wall to separate East Berlin.

January 1961-Number of refugees from East Berlin was 20,000 a month.

27th October-US and Soviet tanks had a face off.

After 18 hours,US tanks pulled back.

Describe the causes of the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.

USA supported military dictatorship in Cuban of Batista since 1934.

Playground for US businessmen.

1959-Revolutionary Fidel Castro came to power, ejected US businessmen and investments.

April 1961-Kennedy sanctioned the invasion of Cuba by exiles-failed.

Soviet influenced in Cuba increased.

September 1962-Soviet technicians started installing ballistic missiles on Cuba.

14th October an American spy plane took photos of missile base being constructed which could hit most US cities.

Describe the events of the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962.

16th-Kennedy was told Khrushchev intended to build missile sites on Cuba.

18th-19th-Kennedy talked to advisers,Hawks were aggressive,Doves wanted a peaceful solution.

20th-Kennedy put a naval blockade around Cuba.

21st-Kennedy told US what he wanted to do.

23rd-Khrushchev told Kennedy that his ships would force their way through the blockade.

24th-Khrushchev said he would use nuclear weapons in the event of war.

25th-Kennedy asked Khrushchev to withdraw from Cuba.

26th-Khrushchev would only withdraw if USA didn't invade Cuba and withdrew missiles from Turkey.

27th-US spy plane shot down over Cuba.Secret deal negotiated by robert Kennedy.

28th-Deal accepted by Khrushchev

Describe the results of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Kennedy won the war of words.

Powers had played on the verge of war.

Partial Test Ban Treaty of August 1963 stopped nuclear weapons testing by both powers in the atmosphere.

Describe the reasons for US involvement in Vietnam.

Vietnam defeated French in 1954.

USA got involved to stop the spread of communism and the Domino Theory.

US though if Vietnam fell so would Laos and Cambodia.

Geneva agreement-Divided Vietnam into North-South,Communist-non Communist.

Vietcong terror campaign-Ho Chi Minh ordered Vietminh to begin terror campaign against South.

Overthrow of Diem-November 1963 ,Southern leader overthrown and Vietcong gained popularity.

Failure of stopping communism.

Gulf of Tonkin incident-US destroyer fired on by North .

Describe Operation Rolling Thunder,Chemical Warfare and Search and Destroy.

ORT: US bombing campaign of North from 1965 to 1968 to destroy Vietcong supply route.

CW:Defoliants used to destroy jungle,Agent Orange used by Americans-82 million litres. Napalm used to surround are with burning petroleum jelly.

S+D:Raids on villages suspected of being Vietcong,troops would walk into traps,innocent villages destroyed,high civilian casualty rate,made USA very unpopular in South.

Describe reasons for US Defeat.

Vietnamese were fighting for a cause.

Effective guerrilla tactics.

Support of the USSR and China and South Vietnam for Ho Chi Minh.

Tunnels of the communists.

US troops were inexperienced.

US opposition at home.

US tactics failed.

Tet offensive-31 January 1968,Vietcong took Us embassy and over 100 cities .

Describe US withdrawal and peace talks in Vietnam.

1969-36,000 US casualties.

1968-Peace talks began,no real progress for 4 years.

1972-Nixon visited China,encouraged Vietnamese co-operation.

23rd January 1973-Ceasefire signed in Paris.

Vietnam reuniuted.

Cambodia and Laos also fell to communism.

Describe the effects of the war in Vietnam.

Very expensive for USA-$26 billion deficit in 1968.

Made President Johnson very unpopular.

Taxpayers resented war.

Containment failed.

Used as communist propaganda, capitalism had failed.

Nixon Doctrine emerged.

Describe the reasons for Detente.

Threat of nuclear war sobered both superpowers,hotline set up between the White house and Kremlin to improve relations.

Both powers were keen of arms limitation talks.

USA wanted to negotiate an end to the Vietnam war and the USSR were an ally to the North Vietnamese.

USSR didn't want a US-China relationship to develop.

Dialogue was needed between powers after USSR invasion of Czechoslovakia.

Describe SALT I.

First Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty.

Limited nuclear capability of USA and the USSR.

No further production of strategic ballistic missiles.

Nuclear submarines only introduced after existing stock of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)ran out.

Describe SALT II.

June 1979.

Limit of 2,400 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles.

Limit of 1,320 on multiple independently targetable entry vehicle.

Ban on construction of new land based ICBM launchers.

USA pulled out after Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

Describe the Helsinki Agreement of 1975.

July 1974-Nixon visited Moscow to promote confidence between powers.

1975-USA,USSR and 33 other countries signed a declaration of 3 distinct international issues.

Describe the 3 "baskets" of the Helsinki agreement.

Security-Recognition of Europe's frontiers and the Soviet Union recognised the existence of West Germany.

Human Rights-Each member agreed to respect human rights such as freedom of speech and unfair arrests.

Co-operation-Closer economic,scientific and cultural links which would lead to closer political agreements.

Describe the reasons for changing relationships between USA and China.

Relations between USSR and China had worsened in the late 1960's especially after China had denounced the invasion of Czechoslovakia and differences in communism.

Nixon hoped a relationship with China would end the Vietnam war as China was allied with the North Vietnamese.

Describe Ping-pong diplomacy.

Began at the World Table tennis Championships held in Japan on 6th April 1971.

Chinese invited US team on an all expenses paid trip to play them.

American player missed bus so a Chinese player gave him a lift.

Chinese team invited to USA.

April 1971-US lifted trade embargo on China.

February 1972-Nixon visited China.

Describe the importance of Pin-pong diplomacy.

Restored Sino-US relations.

Restored China's legitimate rights in the United Nations.

Trade between USA and China restored.

US products didn't penetrate Chinese market as fast as predicted.

Describe Soviet Involvement in Afghanisitan.

April 27th 1978-People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan(communist) overthrew the government.

Nur Mohammed Taraki,Secretary General of the PDPA because President and Prime Minister of Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Intellectuals imprisoned,murdered and tortured.

September 1979-Hafizullah Amin,Deputy PM,seized power.

Thousands of Afghans joined the mujaheddin,guerrilla movement to overthrow Amin.

Declared a jihad(holy war) on Amin and his supporters.

USSR saw Muslim fundamentalism as a threat to them.

25th December 1979-1 January 1980-50,000 Soviet troops sent to restore order and power to the PDPA.

Describe President Carter's reaction to Soviet involvement in Afghanistan.

Carter took a firm approach to the invasion.

Carter Doctrine adopted.

USA would use military force if necessary to defend the interests of the Persian Gulf.

Carter asked Senate to delay SALT II.

USA cancelled grain shipments to USSR and US companies forbidden to sell high-tech goods.

Boycotted 1980 Moscow Olympics with 61 other countries.

Describe the Strategic Defence Initiative.

Introduced by Reagan.

Nuclear umbrella which would stop Soviet bombs reaching America.

Army of satellites into space with powerful lasers.

Would intercept missiles and would forcfe the USSR to disarm.

Describe Gorbachev's new policies.

Leader of USSR from 1985-91.

Reformed Communist Party with perestroika(restructuring) and glasnost(openness).

Ended arms race by signing arms reduction agreements.

Stopped Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.

Reagan initially didn't like reforms but then he supported them.

As people gained freedom the more they critised Gorbachev thus leading to the fall of the SOviet Union.

Describe the end of the arms race.

Talks resumed when Gorbachev made it clear he wanted good relations with the West.

1985-Gorbachev and Reagan hold talks in Geneva.

Agreed to talk further after setting up the Geneva Accord.

Describe the Intermediate Nuclear Force Treaty of 1987.

Washington ,December 1987.

Eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic missiles with ranges of 500 km-5,500 km.

By June 1991 ,2,692 of these type of weapons destroyed.

Describe the Moscow Summit

May 1988.

Arms control talk.

Led to Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty which was signed by NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

Reduced the number of tanks,missiles and aircraft held by signatory states.

Describe the changes in Eastern Europe.

December 1988-Gorbachev withdrew troops from Eastern Europe and the following year let countries do what they want-Sinatra Doctrine.

East Germany-Berlin wall opened and Germany reunited in 1991.

Poland-Strikes in 1988,Solidarity wins elections and Mazowiecki becomes 1st Prime Minister in 1989.

Czechoslovakia-Protests held and communist government resigns in 1989 and the same year Havel becomes Prime Minister .

Hungary-Democratic elections won by anti-communists in 1990.

Romania-1990 Democratic elections won by National Salvation,ex-communists.

Bulgaria-Democratic elections won by communists in 1990.

Describe the fall of the Berlin wall.

9th November 1989-Border crossing opened between Eats and West Berlin.

Within a few days 1 million people had seized the chance to see their relatives.

West and East Germany formally reunited in October 1990.

Germany joined NATO in 1991 and the Warsaw Pact was dissolved.

Describe the collapse of the USSR

1990-Estonia,Latvia and Lithuania declared independence which was accepted by Moscow in 1991.

August 1991-Coup d'eta staged which was defeated by Boris Yeltsin.

Gorbachev restored as leader but resigned in December 1991.

USSR split into several states.

Describe the significance of Iran.

Closest ally to US in Persian Gulf.

Controlled by Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi.

Tried to modernise Iran.

Abdicated in 1971.

USA had oil interests in the Gulf.

Growth of religious fundamentalists.

Iran was now controlled by Ayatollah who denounced USA as "The Great Satan"

Describe the Iranian Hostages.

4th November-Us embassy in Tehran was taken over by militant Iranian students.

66 American hostages.

Demanded extradition of the old Shah who was in New York.

US suspended Iranian oil imports.

Ayatollah threatened to try some hostages for spying.

April 1980 failed rescue mission as a helicopter collided with a refuelling craft.

Negotiations resumed after Shah's death in July 1980.

20th January 1981-Reagan sworn in ,20 minutes later hostages released.

Describe the causes of the Gulf War in 1990-91.

2nd August -Saddam Hussein,leader of Iraq,invades Kuwait.Within 24 hours Iraq had control.

Kuwait was oil rich and Hussein needed to pay off war debts with Iran.

Hussein claimed Kuwait was historically part of Iraq.

Hussein didn't expect USA to fight him as they supported his regime.

Bush protected Kuwait but really wanted to protect his interests in the Gulf.

Describe the military campaigns in the Gulf.

Operation Dessert Shield-November 1990 large ground offensive to protect Saudi Arabia and its oil.

Operation Dessert Storm-Air offensive against Iraq launched on the 16th January 1991.Within 10 hours Iraq's military infrastructure was ruined.

Operation Dessert Sabre-Ground offensive to liberate Kuwait launched on the 23rd February 1991.By the 27th Kuwait was liberated and a ceasefire was negotiated the next day.

Describe the outcomes of the Gulf war.

Saddam withdrew with much of his army intact.

Bush called a ceasefire to keep support of Arab nations and it was widely accepted Hussein was going to be overthrown.

Saddam remained in power and suppresed the Kurds in the North.

Describe Kennedy's New Frontier.

Proposed in his acceptance speech as President in 1960.

At first only a slogan to gain popularity.

Became a programme of reform and change to make US society fairer by giving equal rights to black people.

Asked Americans to join him.

Describe opposition to the New Frontier.

Kennedy only won by a narrow margin in 1960.

Older members of congress saw Kennedy and his Brains Trust too young and inexperienced.

Some saw it as a socialist programme.

Southern Congressmen disliked commitment to civil rights.

Describe the 3 aims of the New Frontier.

Civil Rights-Appointed a black federal judge,threatened legal action against Louisiana for closing schools,sent 23,000 troops to ensure 1 black students could go to university,introduced civil rights bill.

The Economy-Cut taxes,built public works worth $900 million,increased spending on defence and technology in space.

Social Reform-Increased minimum wage from $1 to $1.25,started medicare,Manpower and Training Act 1962,Area Redevelopment Act 1961,Housing Act 1961,Social Security Act 1961.

Describe Johnson's Great Society.

Vice President of Kennedy so decided to continue his work.

Great Society would declared war on poverty.

Improve health for the poor.

Called for an end to racial discrimination.

Describe the policies of the Great Society.

Civil Rights-Passed Civil rights Act in 1964,Voting Rights Act of 1965 and in 1967 removed laws banning mixed race marriages.

Economy-Cut taxes to increase spending,improved transport links,made manufactures label goods fairly.

Social Reform-Medical Care Act 1965,Elementary and Secondary Education Act 1965,Model Cities Act,increased minimum wage to $1.40,

Describe opposition to the Great Society.

Republicans accused him of wasting money.

Accused of doing too little to deal with inner city problems,lead to riots in Watts,LA.

Escalated involvement in Vietnam.Costly and many casualties.Damaged his reputation.

Describe the Watergate Scandal.

1968-Nixon elected,seeking re-election in 1972,set up Committee to Re-Elect the President.Made sure he was re-elected with $350,000 budget.

17th June 1972-5 members of CREEP broke into Democrat HQ and planted bugging devices.

Two Washington Post reporters found out all the burglars were employed by CREEP.Nixon denied any involvement.

January 1973-Burglars tried and all were convicted.1 burglar claimed a White House cover up.Nixon denied involvement.Nixon's 2 top advisers resigned in April 1973.

Senate Committee set up to investigate between may and November 1973.

21st November White House tapes were handed over but 18 minutes missing.

30th April 1974-All tapes handed over.Dirty tricks revealed and foul language throughout.

July 1974 -Congress decided to impeach Nixon.

8th August 1974-Nixon resigned.

Describe the effects of the Watergate Scandal.

Undermined people's confidence in politicians and Carter elected because he promised to never lie.

Nixon's reputation destroyed.

Made people see that the US constitution worked well in preventing major scandals.

Damaged US' reputation abroad,propaganda for communism.

Reduced the power of government through the Election Campaign Act of 1974,War Powers Act of 1973,Privacy Act of 1974 and the Congressional Budget Act of 1974.

Describe Reaganomics.

Reagan believed in a trickle down policy where business tax was cut so they would pay higher wages so workers would re-invest into the US economy.

Cut welfare spending by over $20 billion in his first 3 years.

Slashed taxes in 1981 the Economic Tax Recovery Act reduced taxes by $33 billion,largest tax cut in history.

Medicare benefits cut.

Describe the effects of Reaganomics.

Without taxes the government could pay for the services it provided.

Increased national spending to the point where the national debt almost reached $1 trillion.

1987-Congress rejected Reagan's budget.

Stock market crashed in 1987.

Describe Reagan's other policies.

Disastrous space programme with 3 rockets failing and space lasers draining the economy.

Reagan believed in damaging the environment for businesses to succeed.

Dismissed Aids at first but by 1989 spent $2.3 billion on Aids research.

Opposed making MLK day a national holiday.

Started war on drugs.

Describe the contribution of black Americans to the war effort.

Served in segregated units.

Treated much better when serving in Europe than at home.

Before 1944,not allowed into combat in the Marines.

Employed as cook and labourers or to transport supplies.

Black nurses could only treated black soldiers.

Black men in the navy given the most dangerous jobs.

Tuskegee airmen won great acclaims as fighter escorts for bombers.

Describe the progress in the army for black Americans.

US supreme commander integrated combat units.

1944-Units integrated,hundreds of black officers and Marines.

1945-600 black pilots trained and 58 naval officers.

Desegregation came in 1946 and other services came in 1948.

1955-Successfully integrated.

Describe employment and black American's during the Second World War.

Black women and older black men found jobs in factories in the city during the war.

Pittsburgh Courier-"Double V" campaign,victory against Nazi's and victory with civil rights.

1941-Philip Randolph sought to remove discrimination from the armed forces,marched on Washington stopped by Roosevelt who executed order 8802,stopped discrimination in industrial and government jobs.

400,000 black Americans moved from the South to the North.

2 million blacks involved in industry by the end of the war.

Government employed 200,00 blacks.

Describe the Second World Wars impact on Civil Rights.

Discrimination and segregation existed.

Race riots in 47 cities.

Detroit 1943,25 black and 9 whites killed,700 injured and $2 million worth of damages.

National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People(NAACP) formed.Membership went from 50,000 to 450,000 people.

Congress for Racial Equality(CORE)founded by James Farmer,sit ins and non violent methods to lead to the end of segregation.Increased black voting from 3% to 12%.

Truman proposed a civil rights bill and an anti-lynching bill.

Describe the civil rights situation by the end of the 1940's.

Truman's "Fair Deal" offered hope but by the end of the decade only modest gain had been made.

Not much done.

Both parties blocked reforms.

Blacks now demanded the same rights as whites.

Describe Brown vs Topeka.

1st case to challenge segregation in education.

Topeka,Kansas.

Linda Brown's parents wanted her to attend a neighbourhood school.

Lawyers from the NAACP led by Thurgood Marshall presented evidence.

17th May 1954 Chief Justice Warren gave a closing judgement.

Supreme Court supported integration in education

Describe the problems after Brown vs Topeka.

No date specified for the integration of schools.

1957-More than 300,000 black children attend formerly segregated schools.

2.4 black children still being educated in Jim Crow schools.

More than 100 senators and congressmen signed a bill opposing integration in schools..

Over the next 2 years more than 450 state laws passed to prevent Brown judgement from being enforced.

Eisenhower did little to help integration.

Describv ethe events at Little Rock High School in 1957.

23d September-9 black students enrolled at the school.

State governor ,Orval Faubus ordered national guardsmen to block their entry.

Next day guards removed.

Eisenhower sent 10,00 troops to protect students,101st Airborne Division.

Students met with a vicious white crowd.

Faubus closed the schools in Arkansas for a year.Schools reopened in 1959 following a Supreme Court ruling stating schools must integrate.