Biology 10: ALL

What three things do multicellular beings take advantage of over single-cellular organisms?

Division of labour, size and interdependence of cells

Division of labour

When multicellular beings have certain cells that are specialized to perform certain tasks so they can perform more efficiently and effectively

Size in multicellular organisms

They're able to grow larger due to the internal transport systems

What does interdependence of cells do for multicellular organisms?

Allows for them to continue even if a singular cell dies. But they may suffer greatly if even one cell becomes diseased and spreads it

Tissue

Cells that perform the same function together

Organs

Tissues that perform the same function together

System

Organs that perform a particular function

What two systems are in plants?

Shoot system and root system

Shoot system

Everything above the ground. Stems, leaves, buds, flowers, fruits, tubers

Root System

Everything underground + aerial roots

Shoot system of a plant

Dermal tissue, cuticles, ground tissue

Dermal tissue / Epidermis

The outer layer of cells that cover all non-woody plants. Normally one cell layer thick. Responsible for the exchange of matter and gasses into and out of plants and protecting them from disease.

What covers woody plants?

Cork or bark

Stomata

Pores that allow gases to pass through the epidermis of a leaf. Make sure the plant doesn't lose too much water. Are less frequent in hotter climates to keep water from leaving

Cuticle

A waxy layer of secreted substance from the leaves and stems. Resists micro-organisms and water loss.

Ground tissues

The majority of the plant found in the layer under the epidermis.

What does ground tissue do in the stem?

Provides support and strength in the stem

What does ground tissue do in the roots?

Involved in water and food storage

What does ground tissue do in the leaves?

Where photosynthesis occurs

Palisade tissue

Long, rigid, rectangular ground tissue found below the upper epidermis thats tightly packed together to be exposed to the sun and do photosynthesis

Spongy Mesophyll Tissue

Irregularly shaped and lousily packed ground tissue found between the palisade and lower epidermis. Primarily involved in the exchange of gasses in and out of the plant.

Vascular Tissue

Responsible for the transport of materials throughout the plant

Vascular Bundles

The xylem and phloem tissues bunched together like straws

Xylem tissue

Tissue made of thick walled tubes that fuse and perforate at the ends and have the cells inside die to leave a hollow tube. Move water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stems to the leaves to be used in photosynthesis.

Perforated

Has hoels in it

Phloem Tissue

Transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves of the rest of the plant

Sieve tube cells

Cells with perforated cell walls that stay alive but lose their nucleus

Companian cells

Cells that have a nucleus to help direct sieve cells

Meristems

A spot on the plant where it can grow through mitosis

Root hairs

Tiny hair-like projections on the root that increase its surface area so it can absorb more water and nutrients

Guard cells

Form, open and close tiny pores in leaves called stoma that allow for the exchange of gases and water.

Photosynthesis (What it is, how plants do it, equation)

The production of glucose and oxygen from water and carbon dioxide. The chloroplast absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy that's stored in glucose molecules. H2O + 6CO2 -\> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Cellular Respiration

The process of combining glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and ATP.

Which type of cell does the most cellular respiration? Why?

Animal cells because animals are more active.

When does cellular respiration occur the most in plant cells? Why?

At night because photosynthesis isn't/can't be happening.

Transpiration

The process of water vapour leaving the leaf through the stomata

How does gas exchange occur?

Through diffusion

How does gas exchange occur in woody plants?

Through lenticels.

Lenticel

Pores that allow gas exchange to occur in woody plants

How do guard cells open and close the stomata?

When sunlight hits the leaf, the guard cells start to actively pump in potassium ions, causing water to enter the cell, increasing turgor pressure and making the guard cells swell and push away from each other, opening the stoma
At night, they stop pumping potassium, it diffuses out with the water, the turgor pressure goes down, the cell relaxes and closes the stoma

What proved that cytoplasm was liquid?

Movement of chloroplasts during photosynthesis

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

is water adhesive or cohesive?

both. (it is attracted to other substances as well as itself)

root pressure

The pressure and upward push of water through xylem due to the water intake from the roots

transpiration pull

when water evaporates from the leaves of a plant, and water is pulled up to replace what was lost.

How does water move through the xylem?

The roots constantly pump nutrients into them with active transport so water can diffuse in. Root pressure caused by this intake of water pushes the water up a few metres. Transpiration pull caused by transpiration in the leaves pulls it up the rest of the way

Source

The cells where photosynthesis occurs and sugar(glucose) is created.

sink

Parts of the plant where sugar is stored after it being transported through the phloem

Sugar movement in cells

Sugar uses carrier proteins to get into sieve cells from the source through diffusion. Water then moves in through osmosis. Both of these then push into the sieve cells, pushing the sugar water through the phloem? When they reach a sink cell with little sugar, sugar diffuses from the phloem into that cell. The water either moves into sink cells, out through transpiration or into the xylem

Control system

Systems within plants that produce different responses to different stimuli. Ex. light, gravity, day cycles, touch

Phototropism

The movement of a plant in response to light

Positive phototropism (+ an example)

growth towards light. Ex. Shoot systems

Negative phototropism (+ example)

growth away from light ex. root systems

Area of elongation

The area of a plants stem that elongates in order to move closer to a light source

Charles and Francis Darwin's experiment on phototropism + what they figured out and inferred

They took 5 plants; one was a control, one had the tip cut off, one an opaque cap on it, one a transparent cap on it and one an opaque covering around the stem. Figured out that the tip of the seed was responsible for detecting light. Inferred that they communicated with the cells moving the plant

Peter Boysen Jensen's experiment on phototropism + what he figured out and inferred

He cut the tip off of two blades of grass and reconnected one with gelatin (permeable) and the other with mica (impermeable). He concluded that the tip had to be using something moving and diffusing through the plant that couldn't diffuse across the mica.

What did F.W Went discover?

The hormone responsible for phototropism; auxin

Auxin

The plant hormone responsible for phototropism. Released by the tip and moves into the stem.

Gravitropism

Directional plant growth in response to gravity

Positive gravitropism (+ example)

Movement towards gravity. Ex. Root systems

Negative gravitropism

Movement away from gravity. Ex. shoot systems

How does gravitropism work?

Starch particles in specialized cells alert the rest of the plant which way is up and down based on where in the cell they settle

Plants reaction to day night cycles

Some plants will close their leaves or petals at night to conserve water due to the decrease in turgor pressure

Nastic Response (+ example of a plant that has it)

A plants response to being touched. Ex. Venus flytrap

How does nastic response work?

When they're touched, electrical signals get sent out that cause the plant to push potassium ions out of the cell. The water follows it, causing the plant to move/snap shut

What are all forms of life capable of

Intaking nutrients, movement, growth, responding to stimuli, exchanging gases, removing waste, reproducing

Cell membrane (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; A protective, semi-permeable barrier that surrounds the cell and regulates what transports in and out of it. Important for cell communication and recognition. Also called the plasma membrane, phospholipid bi-layer, or fluid mosaic

Cytoskeleton (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; A network of proteins fibers that support the cell and contain the nucleus.

Nucleus (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; Contains the DNA and directs all cellular activity

Nuclear Membrane (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; A double-layer protection of the nucleus with pores that allow materials to transport in and out

Mitochondria (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; Rod-like structures which convert chemical energy in sugar to energy the cell can use through cellular respiration. Have their own DNA. The DNA is passed down through mothers and can be used for family tracking.

Cytoplasm (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; A jelly-like substance that surrounds all organelles, protects them, allows them to move and holds nutrients

Endoplasmic Reticulum (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; Networks of sacs branching from the nuclear envelope responsible for manufacturing, transporting and processing chemical compounds

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; ER with ribosomes on them that help make and transport proteins

Ribosomes (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; function freely and on RER, line up and assemble amino acids into proteins

Soft Endoplasmic Reticulum (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; A type of ER that doesn't have ribosomes and makes and transports fats and lipids

Golgi apparatus (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; Stacks of membranes that receive substances from the ER and package them for transport out of the cell

Vesicle (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; Saclike structures made by the golgi apparatus that store and transport substances throughout the cell and in and out of it

Vacoules (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

In both animal and plant cells; A type of vesicle that stores nutrients, products of secretions, and fats. In animals, helps with waste removal. In plants, supports the cell structurally.

Lysosomes (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

Membrane bound sacs that assist in digestion and defense against bacteria and cell destruction

Cell wall (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

Only in plant cells; A porous layer that surrounds the membrane and provides structural support and protection

Chloroplasts (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

Only in plant cells; Turns sun energy into glucose (chemical energy) through photosynthesis

Central vacoule (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

Only in plant cells; Contains water and helps support the cell

Centrioles (What type of cell is it in, what does it do)

Only in animal cells; Bundles of microtubules that are involved in organizing chromosome movement during cell division.

Cytoplasmic streaming

The movement of organelles and molecules

Chlorophyll

Makes plants green (and other colours) and makes photosynthesis possible

Turgor Pressure

The pressure exerted on cell walls by water that enters through osmosis

Lipid

Fats and oils made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen not made in a 1:2:1 ratio. Ex. fats

Carbohydrates

Sugars and carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. A major source of energy. Ex. Sugars and cellulose

Proteins

Complex molecules made from amino acids Ex. Muscle fiber

Nucleus Acid

Complex molecules made of nucleotides, have RNA and DNA
Ex. DNA

Solute

The substance that is dissolved in a solution

Solvent

The material that dissolves one or more solutes. Most common is water.

semi-permeable

only allows certain substances through

What are the four main elements that make up cells?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

What the four chemical compounds that make up cells?

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acid

What is the purpose of the cell membrane being semi-permeable?

To maintain a state of equilibrium inside of the cell by allowing some substances in and out while restricting others

Fluid-mosaic model

The currently accepted structure of the cell membrane in which there is a phospholipid bi layer

Phospholipid Bi layer

Another name for the cell membrane. Named this because they contain two layers of phospholipids that have a phosphorous heads and two lipid tails.