Biology 30 endocrine system

pituitary gland

master gland → regulates many other glands

• releases tropic hormones

• controlled by the hypothalamus

posterior pituitary

receives nervous signals from the hypothalamus

• secretes hormones made by the hypothalamus

anterior pituitary

receives hormonal signals from the hypothalamus

• secrets it own hormones

what hormones does the post. pituitary make

• oxytocin (OCT)

• antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

what hormones does the ant. pituitary make

• human growth hormone/ somatotropin (hGH)

• thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

• adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

• prolactin (PRL)

• follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

• luteinizing hormone (LH)

what hormones does the thyroid make

• calcitonin

• thyroxine (T4)

what hormone does the parathyroid gland make

• parathyroid hormone (PTH)

adrenal gland

located on top of the kidneys

• releases hormones that prepare the body for stress, regulation of minerals. promote male sexual development

adrenal medulla

nervous controlled, makes epinephrine and norepinephrine

adrenal cortex

under hormonal control, makes cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens

pancreas

both exocrine and endocrine

• contains islets of langerhans (beta islets and alpha islets)

tropic hormones

influences other endocrine glands to release hormones

oxytocin (OCT)

• causes contractions of uterus in labour

• contractions of mammary glands during lactation

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

• increases water reabsorption at the kidneys

• increased water retention in body and blood

• decreased urine output

human growth hormone/ somatotropin (hGH)

increases metabolism, cell division, and bone/muscle growth

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

stimulates thyroid to release hormones

calcition

• stimulates Ca2+ absorption into bones

• decreases concentration of Ca2+ in blood

thyroxine (T4)

• increases metabolism/ cell division

• required for tissue and organ formation in childhood

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

• stimulates Ca2+ absorption from bones, kidneys and intestines

• increases Ca2+ concentration in blood

• works antagonistically to calcitonin

epinephrine

increased heart rate, vasodilation, breathing rate, metabolism

norepinephrine

increased heart rate, alertness, blood pressure, blood sugar, decreased digestion

cortisol

• recovery from stress

• increased release of glucose, tissue repair, decreased inflammation

aldosterone

• maintain mineral balance in blood

• increased Na+ and H2O reabsorption into blood from kidneys

• retain water = increased blood pressure, decreased urine output

androgens

stimulates male primary sex characteristics

prolactin (PRL)

stimulates mammary glans to release milk

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

stimulates follicles to produce mature gametes in the gonads

luteinizing hormone (LH)

• stimulates ovaries to undergo ovulation

• stimulates testosterone release from testes

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH_

stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol, androgens and aldosterone

beta islets

produce insulin

alpha islets

produce glucagon

insulin

• decreases glucose in blood (allows glucose to enter cells)

• stimulates conversion of glucose to glucagon in the liver

glucagon

• increases glucose in blood

• stimulates glucagon conversion into glucose by the liver

steroid hormones

• fat soluble

• travel in lymph

eg. estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

peptide hormones

• protein based (water soluble)

• travel in blood

eg. ADH, insulin, thyroxine

cretinism

• under secretion of thyroxine in childhood

• growth inhibited and developmental delay

hypothyroidism

• under secretion of thyroxine in adulthood

• decreased metabolism, fatigue weight gain

hyperthyroidism

• over secretion of thyroxine in adulthood

• increased metabolism, increased heart rate, anxiety, insomnia, weight loss

graves disease

• autoimmune disorder

• body attacks thyroid and eye muscles

• results in swelling of eyes

type I diabetes

juvenile diabetes/ insulin dependent diabetes

• autoimmune disorder

• no insulin produced

• dependence on insulin injections

type II diabetes

adult onset diabetes/ non-insulin dependent

• insensitivity or decreased production of insulin

• linked to high sugar diet, stress, low exercise

goiter

enlarged thyroid

• results in absence of iodine

addisons disease

low cortisol

• hypoglycemia, increased urine output, and weight loss