carbon and macromolecules 10/21-11/1

tetravalence

tetravalence

ability to bond with 4 atoms

organic chem

branch of chem that specializes in the study of carbon compounds

hydrocarbons

organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

isomers

some molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms

types of isomers

structural, geometric, stereoisomers

structural isomer

different carbon backbone arrangement

geometric isomer

different arrangement of functional groups

stereoisomers

mirror images of each other

two factors that determine the properties of an organic molecule

• shape of carbon backbone

• functional groups

functional groups

the reactive part of a molecule

macromolecule

the big molecules that make up living organisms and our diet

carb monomer

a single unit or building block

carb polymer

large molecule consisting of many identical/similar building blocks (monomers)

dehydration synthesis

• how monomers are connected

• dehydration is how bonds are made

hydrolysis

• how polymers are broken down

• adding water breaks the bonds holding monomers together

carbohydrates

monomer: monosaccharides (CH2O)

simple sugar

doesn’t need to be broken down (monomer)

examples of monosaccharides

glucose, dextrose, fructose, ribose

disaccharides

• two monosaccharides bonded together

• also considered a simple sugar

• ex. fructose + glucose = sucrose

polysaccharides

• several monosaccharides

• used for storage and structural purposes

polysaccharide food storage

• starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)

• alpha glycosidic bonds (point down)

structural polysaccharides

• cellulose

  • major structural molecule in plants

  • beta glycosidic bonds (point up)

• chitin

  • modified polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of insects and the cell wall of fungi

lipids (fats)

• have a lot of energy because of their large amount of bonds

• supply the body with energy

lipid polymer

triglyceride

lipid monomer

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

saturated fats

• all single bonds between carbons

• form straight lines and are really dense

• solid at room temperature

unsaturated fat

• have double bonds in the carbon backbone

• less dense and have a bend

• liquid at room temperature

trans fats

• have functional groups on opposite sides

• allows the atoms to pact together closer

reason unsaturated and trans fats are so bad for you

they are solid and can form plaque buildups in your blood stream

hydrogenation

blasting an unsaturated fats with hydrogen, turning it into a saturated fat

phospholipids

• closely related to a triglyceride

• 3rd fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group (PO4)

• amphipathic (half polar half nonpolar)

• make up cell membrane

cholesterol and steroid hormones

• 4 connected rings

• all nonpolar