tetravalence
ability to bond with 4 atoms
organic chem
branch of chem that specializes in the study of carbon compounds
hydrocarbons
organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
isomers
some molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms
types of isomers
structural, geometric, stereoisomers
structural isomer
different carbon backbone arrangement
geometric isomer
different arrangement of functional groups
stereoisomers
mirror images of each other
two factors that determine the properties of an organic molecule
shape of carbon backbone
functional groups
functional groups
the reactive part of a molecule
macromolecule
the big molecules that make up living organisms and our diet
carb monomer
a single unit or building block
carb polymer
large molecule consisting of many identical/similar building blocks (monomers)
dehydration synthesis
how monomers are connected
dehydration is how bonds are made
hydrolysis
how polymers are broken down
adding water breaks the bonds holding monomers together
carbohydrates
monomer: monosaccharides (CH2O)
simple sugar
doesn’t need to be broken down (monomer)
examples of monosaccharides
glucose, dextrose, fructose, ribose
disaccharides
two monosaccharides bonded together
also considered a simple sugar
ex. fructose + glucose = sucrose
polysaccharides
several monosaccharides
used for storage and structural purposes
polysaccharide food storage
starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)
alpha glycosidic bonds (point down)
structural polysaccharides
cellulose
major structural molecule in plants
beta glycosidic bonds (point up)
chitin
modified polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of insects and the cell wall of fungi
lipids (fats)
have a lot of energy because of their large amount of bonds
supply the body with energy
lipid polymer
triglyceride
lipid monomer
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
saturated fats
all single bonds between carbons
form straight lines and are really dense
solid at room temperature
unsaturated fat
have double bonds in the carbon backbone
less dense and have a bend
liquid at room temperature
trans fats
have functional groups on opposite sides
allows the atoms to pact together closer
reason unsaturated and trans fats are so bad for you
they are solid and can form plaque buildups in your blood stream
hydrogenation
blasting an unsaturated fats with hydrogen, turning it into a saturated fat
phospholipids
closely related to a triglyceride
3rd fatty acid is replaced with a phosphate group (PO4)
amphipathic (half polar half nonpolar)
make up cell membrane
cholesterol and steroid hormones
4 connected rings
all nonpolar