• Emphasis on units 3-6

• Big ideas and major developments are more important than facts (which are used as evidence)

• SPICET: social, political, interactions, culture, economic, technological

• CORNPEG: Class, Occupation, Religion, Nationality, Political Affiliation, Ethnicity, Gender

• Helpful links: McKean website, Fiveable Timeline, Thothios Notes

Unit 1 (WTWA Ch 3, 4)

• Land-based empires (do the stuff) vs smaller trading states (capitalize and gain from traffic)

  • Using religion as a uniting force

    • Dominating other peoples

  • Near trade routes

  • Tributary systems

• Song China

  • Imperial bureaucracy based on the civil service exam (meritocracy) was influential

  • Grand Canal promoted trade

  • Gunpowder spread via the Silk Road

  • Champa rice from Vietnam allowed for a food surplus

  • Coal and steel advanced production

  • Tributary states in Japan, Korea, and throughout Southeast Asia

  • Social hierarchies based on Confucian ideas

    • Men above women, children had to obey parents, students obeyed teachers

    • Filial piety

  • Buddhism from India combined with Daoism (Zen Buddhism), Confucianism and Daoism produced Neo-Confucianism

• Dar al Islam

  • Abbasid Caliphate (Arabs and Persians)

  • Sufism is a mystic form of Islam that sometimes combines local elements, creating more converts

  • The Mamluk Sultanate was established in Egypt

  • Seljuk Turks were led by a Sultan

  • Social hierarchies

    • Slavery was successful under Muslim control

    • People were expected to dress modestly

    • Muslim women had a higher status than Christian or Jewish women

    • Could remarry, receive divorcement settlements, inherit property, practice birth control, and testify in court

• South and Southeast Asia

  • North and South India were divided

  • Hinduism provided a sense of unity

  • Delhi Sultanate held power in the north (Muslim)

    • Brought Islam to India

    • Conflict between Muslims and Hindus

      • Jizya tax for non-Muslims

  • Kingdoms emerged along sea-based trade routes

    • Srivijaya Empire was a Hindu kingdom that became successful by charging ships traveling between China and India

• Mesoamerica

  • Maya

    • Consisted of city-states

    • Religious ceremonies with human sacrifice

  • Aztecs

    • Floating gardens (chinampas) and aqueducts

    • Forced conquered peoples to pay tribute

    • The emperor was also a religious leader

  • Inca

    • Mit’a labor system

• Africa

  • Hausa Kingdoms

    • No central authority

    • Benefited from trans-Saharan trade

    • Islam brought by missionaries

  • Mali

    • Sundiata uses his Muslim faith to establish trade with North African and Arab merchants

    • Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage shows that Mali is powerful and wealthy

  • Ethiopia

    • Christianity is a major religion

    • Expressed power through architecture and religious structures

• Medieval Europe

  • Feudalism

    • King gives land to lord, who gives land to knights and protection to peasants

  • Manorial system

    • Serfs worked in a self-sufficient manor

      • Tied to the land

  • Growth of monarchies and bureaucracies

  • Great Schism divided the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

  • Western Europe discourages advancement and new ideas, limiting the people

• Trans Saharan, Silk Road, Indian Ocean

  • Trade routes spread ideas, crops, goods, and disease

Unit 2

• The Silk Roads

  • Spread religions (Islam, Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Mesopotamian beliefs)

  • Tea, spices, medicine, precious metals (bronze and gold), compass, lateen sail, rudder

  • Flying cash developed in China, use of paper money

  • Hanseatic League protected mutual trading interests

• The Mongols

  • Genghis Khan centralized his power

  • Pax Mongolica between the 13th and 14th centuries

  • Kublai Khan (a descendant of Genghis) established the Yuan dynasty in China

  • Exchange of cultures, languages, religions, diseases, and goods

• Indian Ocean

  • Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia

  • Spice Islands (Malaysia and Indonesia)

  • Slaves, ivory, and gold from the Swahili coast

  • Silk, porcelain, and paper from China

• Trans-Saharan

  • Camels traveled along the Sahara

  • Mali prospered from trade traffic

    • Timbuktu was a center of trade and Muslim life

    • Sundiata and Mansu Musa

• Europe (Plague)

  • Decline of feudalism

  • Habsburgs aligned themself with the Catholic Church (divine right to rule)

  • Valois (French monarchy) married English families

  • Spanish families of Aragon and Castile married

    • Forced Muslims out of the Iberian Peninsula

  • Humanism emphasized the individual rather than solely teachings about God

  • The Black Death spread from China throughout Afro-Eurasia

• Effects

  • Spread of religions, ideas, technologies, and diseases

  • Increased labor force

  • Slave trade

  • Social hierarchies and structures defined all societies

    • Most societies were patriarchies

    • Mongol women could travel freely and served as advisors to the Khan

    • Europe: women were farmers and artisans

    • Southeast Asia: worked in marketplaces, trading, and representatives of families

  • Bubonic Plague and Black Death

    • Europe lost over a third of its population

    • Deforestation and overgrazing

Unit 3 (WTWA Ch 5, 6)

• Gunpowder empires- large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia

  • Descended from Turkic nomads

  • Rose up after the collapse of the Mongol khanates

  • Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

  • Ottoman

    • Controlled lands around the Black Sea

    • Competing power in harems

    • Powerful neighboring forces and weak sultans

    • Recruited young Christian boys as Janissaries in the army (devshirme)

    • Shariah law (Sunni Muslims)

    • Tax farmers collected money annually for the government

• European monarchs centralized power by regulating taxes, controlling religion, leading the military, and establishing colonies

  • In Russia, Ivan IV hired cossacks (peasant warriors) to fight and centralized them under a tsar

    • Took land from boyars (wealthy landowners)

    • Established the oprichnina (secret army/police)

  • Divine right of kings

  • Officials carried out matters for the crown government (Justices of the peace in England, Intendants in France)

• China

  • Ming Dynasty stabilized East Asia

  • European states like Portugal and Spain wanted access to Asian trade networks

  • Manchus invaded from Manchuria and established the Qing dynasty

  • Limited Europeans to the ports of Guangzhou

  • Forced states (like Korea) to pay tribute and show respect

• Religion was important in the expansion of empires

• Protestant Reformation

  • Corruption in the Catholic Church

    • Selling of indulgences (for the forgiveness of sins) and simony (church positions)

    • Translations of the Bible were banned

  • Lutheranism

    • Objected to the corrupt practices of the Catholic Church

    • Faith alone was the basis of salvation, emphasized scripture

    • 95 Theses

  • Calvinism

    • The elect built churches and governed communities

    • Influenced the Church of Scotland and the Puritans

  • Anglicanism

    • Henry VIII

    • Asked the pope to annul his marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn

    • Set up the Church of England (Anglican Church) that was separate from the pope’s control

• Counter-Reformation

  • The Inquisition cracked down on nonbelievers

  • Founded the Jesuits to spread Catholicism through missionary work in the Spanish Empire, Japan, and India

  • Council of Trent attempted to correct the Church by changing rituals and education 

• Thirty Years’ War

  • Catholics vs Protestants

  • Famine, starvation, disease, political destruction

• Francis Bacon, empiricism

  • Ideas need to be proven with evidence

Unit 4 (Transoceanic Interconnections from 1450-1750)

• Cortes, a Spanish conquistador, arrives in the Aztec Empire

  • Montezuma (leader of the Aztecs)

• Development of technology

  • Spanish carrack or nao

  • Dutch fluyt

  • Compass and astrolabe for sea navigation

• 3 Gs: God, Glory, Gold

• Migration

  • Population increase- lack of jobs and food

  • People who didn't inherit land or wealth

  • Religious minorities sought other communities

• Omani and European rivalries

• Europeans wanted to avoid Muslims on trade routes, attempted to discover new paths

• The Portuguese wanted to expand overseas

  • Factories in Indonesia

  • Traders arrived in China

    • Portuguese Catholics went to China and Japan

  • Established a trading post empire throughout Southeast Asia

  • Dutch monopolized Indonesia, the English pushed them out of India, and Japanese rulers banned Catholicism in the 1600s

• China

  • Zheng He

  • Spread Chinese culture and interact with the Middle East and Africa

  • After, the Ming dynasty limited outside influence and restricted trade

• Spain

  • Christopher Columbus

    • Going west from Europe to India and China

  • Ferdinand Magellan

    • Going west to Asia

  • Labor Systems

    • Encomienda System (Feudalism)

      • Land given by the Crown or lords

      • Natives worked on Spaniards’ lands in exchange for protection from Encomenderos

      • Mestizos were of Native and Spanish descent, didn’t have to work in the system

      • Eventually slaves replaced the labor source

    • Hacienda System (Manorialism)

      • Natives worked to produce food and other goods on a large estate

      • Given a portion of the profit but most times didn’t get anything

    • Mit’a System

      • Spanish utilized the pre-existing system to force young men to work in silver mines in Mexico and Peru

  • Colonization of the Americas

    • Aztecs and Inca

    • Disease 

  • Colonies in South America and the Philippines

• England

  • John Cabot

  • Land to the east going west

  • Claimed land in Canada

• The Netherlands claimed land in New Amsterdam (New York), a port on a major river

• Colombian Exchange

  • Slaves from Africa

  • Raw goods from the Americas (sugar, tobacco, cotton)

  • Manufactured goods from Europe (guns, rum, textiles)

• The Commercial Revolution

  • States measured wealth in gold and silver, capital was gained by accumulating wealth

  • Price revolution- high rates of inflation in the 16th and 17th centuries

  • Joint stock companies promoted investments

    • British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company (VOC)

      • Amsterdam had low interest rates and 10x more capital

      • VOC forced Dutch planters to work in Southeast Asia

• Social hierarchies

  • Ottoman

    • The warrior aristocracy was growing, competed with the Ulma scholars

    • Sultans lost power as Viziers gained influence

    • Timar system

      • Land or tax revenue was given to loyal soldiers

• The Mughal Empire

  • Akbar the Great was tolerant of all religions, ended jizya tax

  • Provided money and land grants

• The Qing

  • Manchus ruled over the Han

  • Kept the civil service exam

• Europe

  • Royal families

  • Nobles and elites

  • Russia: Grand Price and nobles, boyars (wealthy merchants and landowners), serfs

• The Americas

  • Casta system: peninsulares, Castas, Black and Native people at the bottom

• More women than men in Africa due to slave trade

Unit 5 (WTWA Ch 7&8, 9, 10)

• New Ideas

  • Age of Isms

    • Conservatism- traditional institutions

    • Utopian socialism- public or worker ownership of the means of production

    • Liberalism- laissez-faire economics, reduced church/military spending, natural rights

    • Feminism- equal rights for women

    • Abolitionism- freedom for slaves and serfs

    • Zionism- establishment of a Jewish homeland in Israel

  • Empiricism emphasized that knowledge comes from experience

  • Hobbes and Locke’s idea of the social contract between people and government

  • Locke believed that a child’s mind was a blank slate (tabula rasa)

  • Montesquieu promoted a government with checks and balances

  • Voltaire wanted religious liberty and judicial reform

  • Rousseau believed that the General Will of the population should be carried out by the leader

  • Adam Smith advocated for laissez-faire economics (govt had little involvement)

    • Capitalism, means of production were privately owned

  • Deism- God made the watch but He didn’t have any involvement in society

  • Thomas Paine wrote that people should govern themselves, that’s just Common Sense

• Nationalism and Revolutions

  • The American Revolution

    • Declaration of Independence freed America from Britain’s control

  • The New Zealand Wars were fought between the Maori people and the British

  • The French Revolution

    • Life, liberty, fraternity

    • The French spent lots of money aiding the American Revolution, why shouldn’t they have independence too?

    • The Estates-General was split unevenly between the 3 groups

    • Abolished feudalism and adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man

    • Reign of Terror- the government executed thousands of the revolution’s opponents

  • The Haitian Revolution

    • Slave revolts and escaped slaves (Maroons)

    • First country in Latin America to win independence

  • Casta system of peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, and mulattoes

  • Bolivar Revolutions

    • Simon Bolivar was instrumental in the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru

    • Women did not gain much political freedom

    • Creoles remained in positions of power

  • The Propaganda Movement in the Philippines was brutally shut down by the Spanish

  • Italian Reunification under the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia

  • German Reunification opposed French occupation, led by Otto von Bismarck

    • Prussia then German Empire)

  • Balkan Nationalism arose after the decline of the Ottomans

    • Ottomanism- unified the empire under one language and identity

      • Many ethnic and religious groups

  • Nationalism was prominent in politics

• Industrial Revolution

  • People moved to cities

  • England had coal, rivers, and political stability

  • Cottage industry- women making goods at home

  • France

    • Inland waterways

    • Colonies

    • Political turmoil and revolutions made industrialization less successful

  • Germany

    • Politically fragmented until 1871 (when Prussia unified into Germany)

    • Produced steel and coal

  • The US

    • Political instability in Europe caused many to migrate

    • The “American dream” drove people to cities

  • Russia

    • trans-Siberian railroad from Moscow to the Pacific

      • 36,000 miles

      • Connected resources to people

    • 4th largest producer of steel

    • Agricultural economy

  • Japan

    • First Asian country to industrialize, partly by force

      • Defensive Moderation to compete with the West

        • Could protect itself by industrializing

        • Didn’t want to end up like China (opium wars and losing control)

      • Meiji Restoration- they wanted to reform Japan and won the civil war

        • Forced by the US to begin industrializing

  • Ottoman Empire

    • Rejected Western ideas and technology

      • Realized they had to keep up

    • Exploited by Europe

    • Egypt was more independent and Muhammad Ali attempted to industrialize

  • Poor living conditions, adults and children worked long hours

    • Diseases like cholera and dysentery

    • Child labor, lack of education

  • Oil was a new source of energy

  • Electricity-powered street trains instead of steam

  • Larger middle class

    • Peoples’ jobs belonged to hierarchies

    • Women were inferior to men

    • Factory owners and inventors were wealthy while the laborers were poor

    • Increased consumerism

Unit 6

• Imperialism

  • The “White Man’s Burden” to educate and “fix” the native peoples

  • Division of Africa at the Berlin Conference

    • European powers like Belgium, France, Britain

    • Cecil Rhodes (GB) believed that Britons were a superior race that “helped” African colonies by taking control

    • Leopold II of Belgium wanted to “educate” the people of the Congo

  • Britain, Germany, Russia, and France attempt to create spheres of influence in China

    • Britain wants China to trade more, gets the people addicted to opium

    • China was forced to open up its ports, not just the one in Canton (Treaty of Nanjing)

  • British Raj in India

    • Took over India’s economic, social, and political life

    • Wanted to extract the colony of its resources

    • Eventually led to the partition of India into India and Pakistan

  • Russia

    • Needed to industrialize to keep up with other industrialized countries

    • Abolished serfdom to have a larger working force in factories

    • Tsar Alexander II shortened conscription, reformed education, and abolished corporal punishment

    • Russian parliament

  • Xhosa Cattle-Killings

    • Christian beliefs combined with Xhosa ones

    • Resisted imperialism by fighting Dutch and British forces

• Global Economic Development/Economic Imperialism

  • Latin America

    • Ore mines (Silver in Mexico and copper in Chile)

    • Farms with cash crops and livestock

    • United Fruit Company

      • Monopoly over SA countries

      • “Banana Republics”

• Causes/Effects of Migration

  • Slavery was abolished during the 19th century but still worked

  • British convicts sent to Australia

  • Diaspora- migrations from a country or region over time

  • Chinese men moved to California during the 1849 Gold Rush

    • Worked laborial jobs for little pay

  • Irish Potato Famine

    • British failed to send aid

    • Many moved to England, the US, Canada, and Australia

  • British intellectuals and elites moved to Argentina

    • Helped to modernize, benefited its growing economy and population

  • Japan opened itself up to the Western world in 1868, sent young men to the US

• Causation in the Imperial Age

  • Industrialization allowed for some increases in the quality of life

    • Consumption increased, higher wages, cheaper goods

    • However, there were long hours, lack of housing, and overpopulation

  • People flocked to cities and towns for employment

  • Countries traded with one another

    • Developing countries were forced to export and import goods at high rates

    • Dominated by Western powers (Britain, France, the US)

Unit 7

• Chinese Revolution

  • Qing (Manchu) dynasty was unpopular and didn’t fund infrastructure

  • Sun Yat Sen led the Nationalists (Kuomintang)

    • Democracy, livelihood, and nationalism

  • Chiang Kai-Shek established himself as leader of the Republic of China

• Russian Revolution

  • Russia was falling behind the rest of Europe and the Western world

    • Loss in the Crimean War and the Russo-Japanese War

    • Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate

  • The Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, seized control of the means of production

  • Leon Trotsky (Brains, communist ideas)

  • Josef Stalin (dictatorial leader of the Soviet Union)

    • After Lenin died, Stalin gained control

  • February vs. October Revolutions

• Collapse of the Ottoman Empire

  • Young Turks and Muslim Turks had differing ideologies

  • Christian Armenians were the scapegoat for the empire’s problems

  • Allied Powers enacted restrictions on the Ottomans

  • Ottomans aligned with Germany in WWI

• Causes of WWI

  • MAIN: militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism

  • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

  • Militarism- creation of strong standing armies

  • Alliances

    • Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente

    • Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy forced the Triple Alliance

    • Allied powers: Britain, France, Russia, Japan, the US

    • Central powers: Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, and Germany

  • Imperialism

    • Colonized territory was a show of power, foreign powers exerted political and economic control

    • Fought in proxy wars

  • Nationalism

    • Pride in one’s country

    • Self-determination and movements occurring within empires

• WWI began in June of 1914 and was believed to be over by Christmas

  • Morale was high, Pals’ Battalions had people fighting alongside their friends

• New technology made war deadlier (machine guns, airplanes, tanks, submarines)

  • Total war- war on a military and civilian front (media, goods, services, production)

• The US entered WWI after the Lusitania was bombed by German submarines and the Zimmerman telegram was sent to Mexico by Germany

• The Treaty of Versailles “ended” WWI

  • Proposed a “League of Nations”

  • Woodrow Wilson’s “14 Points”

  • Germany was blamed for WWI, forced to accept responsibility and pay billions in reparations

• The Great Depression

  • Germany printed more money, leading to hyperinflation

  • France and Britain had to pay the US back

  • Colonies in Africa, Asia, and Latin America had to export goods for the war effort

  • FDR’s New Deal in the 1930s to help fix the economy and unemployment

• Rise of Right-wing Governments

  • Fascism- extreme nationalism, military glorification, hating minorities

  • Suppressed opposition and unions

  • Italy

    • Mussolini overthrew Parliament and became a dictator

    • Invaded African territory (Libya, Somalia, Abyssinia)

  • Spain

    • Spanish military in Morocco revolted against the Popular Front (left-wing), civil war began

• After WWI, land was divided among the Allied powers

  • Mandate System- German land was transferred to French and British powers

  • Balfour Declaration- formation of a Jewish homeland in Israel

• Nationalism in East Asia

  • Japan controlled Korea during the 1890s-1910s

  • Chinese supported the Allies in WWI but the May Fourth movement saw them turn to communism

    • Inspired by the Russian Revolution

    • Led by Mao Zedong

      • The Long March sparks the Chinese Civil War

• Causes of WWII

  • Militarism, economic instability, rise of fascism, and the peace settlement of WWI

• Nazism

  • The Weimar Republic was established but Germany was weak and had a small army

    • Hitler’s views invigorated the people and he was elected as chancellor

      • Extremely fascist and blamed the Jews for Germany’s problems

      • The Nuremberg Laws separated them from the general German population

    • Hitler invaded Poland, starting WWII

• Allies: Britain, Russia, the US

• Axis Powers: Italy, Germany, Japan

• WWII

  • The US passed the Lend-Lease Act to support Allies

    • The Atlantic Charter was released by FDR and Churchill that set goals after WWII

  • The US places an embargo on Japan, cuts off its oil supply

  • War in the Pacific (Japan)

    • PM Hideki Tojo pushed for war

    • Yamamoto plans the attack on Pearl Harbor

    • Prompts the US to launch airstrikes (Doolittle raid)

    • Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific

    • The Battle of Okinawa was the last straw for Japan

    • Atomic bomb on Japan

      • Manhattan Project, atomic bombs tested in New Mexico

  • War in Europe

    • Germany invaded Poland, capturing France

    • Normandy landing (Operation Neptune)- US, UK, and Canadian forces

    • Battle of Stalingrad- turning point between Germany and Russia

      • Retreats from the East and West

    • Battle of the Bulge

      • Last effort to save Germany

• Yalta Conference

  • The US, the UK, and Russia met

  • Unconditional surrender by the Germans

  • Formation of the UN

• Ending of WWII

  • Berlin surrendered to the Soviets

  • The Cold War

    • Period of tension between the US and the USSR

    • Germany was occupied by the Allies but divided into capitalist and communist

      • Wall dividing the city, “iron curtain”

  • Division of Korea

    • North- communist supported by China and the USSR

    • South- democratic and supported by allies

  • The US and Soviet Union engaged in proxy warfare

Unit 8

• Ending WWII

  • Tehran Conference 1943- the Big 3 (UK, US, USSR) met and divided Germany

  • Yalta Conference- reorganization of Europe

  • Potsdam Conference- ultimatum of surrender to Japan, USSR found out about US&France’s atomic bomb

  • Colonies in Southeast Asia and Africa fought for the colonizers in WWI and WWII

    • Self-determination

    • Decolonization

  • Cold War (1945-1985)

    • Capitalism/Democracy vs. Communism  

    • US vs USSR

• Soviet satellite states formed a barrier against the rest of Europe and could only trade with the USSR

• Containment- Truman attempted to contain communism

• COMECON

  • Helped rebuild Eastern Europe

• The US and the USSR started to stockpile weapons

  • Mutually assured destruction- nuclear war would be devastating for all parties

• Non-Aligned Movement

  • Formed of colonies and former colonies

  • Weren’t aligned with the US or the USSR

  • Some found communism appealing

• NATO was formed as a defense agreement by Western countries against communism

  • The USSR formed the Warsaw Pact as a response

  • SEATO and CENTO

• Korean War

  • First proxy war

  • South Korea backed by the US, North Korea backed by Soviets with Chinese help

• Vietnam War

  • North Vietnamese defeated the French, gaining independence

  • South Vietnam (Viet Cong) supported by the US

  • Mai Lai massacre proved that the media was covering the way differently than the government claim

  • The US withdrew in 1973 and the South fell

  • Domino theory- US belief that once one country fell to communism then others would too

  • Gulf of Tonkin resolution- gave the President power to take any measures in Southeast Asia to fight communism

• Soviet Reform

  • After Stalin’s death, Nikita Khrushchev replaced him

    • de-Stalinization

  • Lenin, Stalin, Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Gorbachev

  • Polish October

    • Fought Soviet occupation

    • End to farm collectives

    • Held elections

  • Prague Spring

    • Under Brezhnev, the Red Army crushed revolts in Czechoslovakia

  • Hungary

    • USSR shut down calls for free elections

    • Left the Warsaw Pact

• Cuba

  • The US wanted to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba (aligned with the USSR)

  • Bay of Pigs invasion was a failure

  • Cuban Missile Crisis

    • Soviet missiles were in Cuba and could hit the US

    • Soviet weapons pulled from Cuba, US weapons removed from Turkey

• Guatemala

  • Wanted to nationalize the fruit companies to separate from foreign influence

  • The US organized a coup and put a dictator in power

• Nicaragua

  • Somoza dynasty overthorwn by the Sandinistas

  • The Contras were supported by the US against the Sandinistas

  • FSLN, student-led democratic resistance force

• Venezuela

  • Hugo Chavez was elected in 1999

  • Land distribution wasn’t successful

• China

  • Mao Zedong established the People’s Republic of China

    • Wanted to industrialize

    • One-party dictatorship

  • Great Leap Forward

    • Increased agricultural and industrial outlook

    • People lived and worked in communes together

    • Morale was low and goods were poor quality

  • Cultural Revolution

    • Shut down schools and educational institutions

    • Red Guards attacked those who opposed the regime

    • 4 Olds: ideas, customs, habits, and culture

  • Chiang Kai-shek established the Republic of China in Taiwan

• Iran

  • Coup to place Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi who was aligned with Britain and the US

  • White Revolution of Westernization

  • Sunni-Shia conflict

• Ghana

  • First Black/African independent country

  • Kwame Nkrumah supported pan-Africanism

  • Opposed the British through peaceful protest and civil disobedience

• Nigeria

  • Granted independence by the British

  • Hausa (north), Christian Ibo and Yoruba (south)

  • Civil war between Hausa and Ibo

• Kenya

  • Jomo Kenyatta

  • The British took land and converted the people to Christianity

  • Mau May Uprising

• Algeria

  • Some considered it a part of France

  • FLN established a dictatorship under Boumedie

• Angola

  • Gained independence from Portugal

• Egypt

  • The British left the Suez Canal

    • Nationalized under Naseer

    • British, French, and Israelis attempted to seize control

  • Naseer accepted aid from the USSR

• The First World (capitalist/democratic), Second World (communist), Third World (developing)

• Gandhi, MLK, and Mandela all believed in nonviolence

• Military Industrial Complex- connections between weapon-producing manufacturers and the government

• Detente Period

  • Economically driven

  • Period after Bay of Pigs/Cuban Missile Crisis

  • Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty limited nuclear tensions between the US and the USSR

  • Ended after the USSR got involved in Afghanistan

    • The USSR lost, led to its decline

• Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) planned to destroy Soviet missiles with lasers

• Mikhail Gorbachev

  • Perestroika

    • Economic reforms

  • Glasnost

    • “Transparency” in the government

  • Implemented some new ideas

Unit 9

• New technological developments facilitate communication and connection

• The Green Revolution- development of new plants

  • New species and farming technologies

  • Soil erosion from overuse

• Coal and fossil fuels used as sources of energy, but are nonrenewable

• Medical innovations like antibiotics, penicillin, birth control, and vaccines

• Diseases spread especially in impoverished areas (malaria, tuberculosis, cholera, polio)

  • Diseases associated with age (Heart disease, Alzheimer’s disease)

• Pandemics spread (HIV/AIDS and Ebola)

• Environmental Changes

  • Population growth

  • Urbanization

  • Resource scarcity and depletion

    • Drinking water, poverty, oil

  • Global warming

    • Kyoto and Paris agreements worked to build international understanding

    • Greta Thunberg, climate activist

  • Beginning of a new age, the Anthropocene

• UN developed after WWII

• Increasing globalization and industrialization