apwh unit 7

young turks

called for complete modernization of the ottoman empire around its decline

who overthrew ottoman sultan

young turks

ottoman reforms

1) secularization of schools and law codes

2) establishment of political elections

3) imposition of Turkish language

backfiring of young turks

implementing nationalistic policies alienated ottoman minorities like the arabs

russian revolution of 1905

revolution against authoritarian rule of Nicholas the second, resulted in constitution, legalization of labor unions, and political parties

russian revolution of 1917

led by Marxist visionary Vladimir Lenin who led the Bolsheviks (successful and established a communist state, Soviet union!!!!)

qing problems

1) taiping rebellion (cost millions of lives)

2) loss of opium wars

3) loss of sino-japanese war

society of righteous and harmonious fists

led boxer rebellion against qing authorities

sun yat-sen

established new provisional government in China, ending rule of emperors. (didn’t last!!)

mao zedong

ruled china as communist leader

mexican revolution

porfirio Diaz led Mexico as dictator and was ousted

who replaced porfirio Diaz after Mexican revolution

francisco madero (assassinated after 2 years)

leader of peasant armies in mexican civil wars

pancho villa and emiliano zapata (not rlly successful in getting power)

after revolution Mexico emerged as ….

a republic with a new constitution

reforms under new mexican rule

1) universal male suffrage

2) minimum wage

3) removal of Catholic church from political and economic power

causes of ww1

1) militarism

2) alliances

3) imperialism

4) nationalism

triple alliance

germany, Italy, austro-hungarian empire

triple entente

britain, France, russia

how did alliances cause ww1

alliances created military mobilization plans just in case of war (built railroads)

sparking of ww1

serbian nationalist gavrilo princip shoots archduke franz ferdinand of austro-hungary

total war

war requiring mobilization of a country’s entire population, both military and civilian, in order to fight

governments used … to inspire citizens to join the total war

propaganda campaigns

new ww1 technologies

1) machine guns

2) chemical gas

3) tanks

trench warfare

militaries dig miles of trenches for protection (led to years of stalemates)

what did imperial powers do to deal with their men dying in ww1

call colonial troops (india, Africa, etc. they did in hopes of freedom)

why did the us enter ww1

sinking of the Lusitania, Zimmerman telegram

treaty of versailles blamed ..

germany (Woodrow Wilson didn’t wanna!!)

how did Germany pay reparations to britain and france

borrowed money from US banks

new economic policy

created by vladimir Lenin in the soviet union that introduced limited free market principals and made the biggest institutions remain under state control

five year plans

created by Joseph Stalin aiming to multiple Soviet industrial capacity by 5

collectivization of agriculture

merging small privately owned farms into large collective farms owned by the state (happened in Soviet union, hurt ukraine)

kulaks

soviet wealthy land-owning class, rejected collectivization

holodomor

stalins agricultural policies starving Ukrainians to death

what caused the great depression

stock market crash of 1929

new deal

fdr great depression policy putting people to work on infrastructure projects, introduced gov sponsored retirement program, and created gov medical insurance for elderly and children

what ended the Great depression

ww2

state emerging after ww1

republic of turkey

mandate system

middle eastern territories become mandates administered by the league of nations, three-tiered structure used to classify territorial holdings

self determination

states should rule themselves (believed by Woodrow Wilson)

mandate system tiers

1) class c mandates (smallest population, least developed. treated as colonies. islands in the Pacific!!!!!!!)

2) class b mandates (large populations, underdeveloped. germany’s African colonies!!!!!!!)

3) class a mandates (large populations, sufficiently developed)

manchukuo

japanese puppet state in china

colonial resistance

1) Indian national congress (formally petitioning the British gov for greater degrees of self rule in India)

2) African national congress

mohandes gandhi

leader of Indian national Congress and lead peaceful protests against the British

purpose of African national congress

obtaining equal rights for colonial subjects in south africa

pan-africanism

aimed for equality of all black people

when did Indian and african national Congress become successful

after ww2

causes of ww2

1) unsustainable peace (treaty of Versailles blamed Germany)

2) continued imperialism (italy invading Ethiopia, Japan invading china)

3) economic crisis

4) fascism/totalitarian rule

why was Italy bitter post ww1

didnt receive promised land grants

effects of treaty of Versailles on germany

1) forced to pay reparations, ruined their economy

2) forced demilitarization

3) war guilt clause

germany led by … took back the rhineland, Czechoslovakia, and austria

adolf hitler

appeasement

giving a country what they want to avoid war

fascism

political philosophy characterized by extreme nationalism, authoritarian leadership, and militaristic means to achieve its goals

who established italy’s fascist state

benito mussolini

benito Mussolini effects on italy

1) lowered standards of living

2) social security & public services

hitler’s policies

1) cancel reparations payments

2) remilitarize germany

3) territorial expansion

4) eliminate “impure” races (Jews!!)

how did ww2 begin

hitler invaded poland

axis powers

germany, Italy, Japan (all fascist)

allied powers

britain, France, Soviet union, the united states

hitler violated non-aggression pact by invading ..

soviet union

what made us join ww2

pearl harbor

ideologies of ww2

1) fascism

2) communism

3) democracy

how did Winston Churchill convince great britain to go to war

persuasion

result of pearl harbor on Japanese-American citizens

japanese forced into internment camps

nuremberg laws forced Jews into ..

ghettos + concentration camps

blitzkrieg

shock and awe strategy aimed to eliminate the enemy with incredible speed (Germany, got rid of trenc

firebombs

small clusters of explosive devices meant to fall in urban areas and start fires (used by allies in Dresden, Germany and Tokyo, Japan)

atomic bomb

single blast could destroy entire city, created by usa

where did the US drop their atomic bombs

hiroshima + nagasaki

what ended ww2

bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

causes of mass atrocities

1) two world wars

2) new technologies (aerial warfare, atomic bomb)

3) rise of extremist political ideologies

armenian genocide

ottomans murdered armenians out of fear of them supporting invading enemies

the final solution

hitler’s plan to purify the German race, killing Jews + Roma + homosexuals + disabled

auschwitz

largest German concentration camp, millions killed in gas chambers

cambodian genocide

khmer rouge under pol pot tried erasing remnants of western influence, sending education population to labor camps