earth n space (complete)

19) What gravitationally bound systems of matter, classified by the Hubble sequence, are the basic units of the Universe?

GALAXIES

5) Which of the following choices is an example of a transform plate boundary? W) Marianas Trench X) San Andreas Fault Y) Great Rift Valley Z) Ural Mountains

X) San Andreas Fault

5) Which of the following surfaces has the lowest albedo? W) Ice X) Desert Sand Y) Ocean Z) Tundra

Y) Ocean

22) Most ocean shore areas have how many tidal extremes per day?

4

17) Which of the following gases is released when calcite effervesces with acid? W) Hydrogen gas X) Oxygen gas Y) Carbon dioxide Z) Carbon monoxide

Y) Carbon dioxide

17) Which sedimentary rock is impacted by ocean acidification as pH values fall? W) Limestone X) Sandstone Y) Shale Z) Mudstone

W) LIMESTONE

13) Which of the following processes created the volcano Mount Nyiragongo [nee-ira-gong-oh] in the Democratic Republic of Congo? W) Subduction X) Hot spot Y) Sea floor spreading Z) Continental rifting

Z) CONTINENTAL RIFTING

13) Identify the fog that forms as warm moist air passes over a cooler surface? W) Adiabatic fog X) Radiation fog Y) Frontal fog Z) Advection fog

Z) ADVECTION FOG

11) Which of the following glacial features can result from calving? W) Drumlins X) Icebergs Y) Striations Z) Moraines

X) ICEBERGS

11) Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the moon? W) The dividing line between darkness and light on the moon is called the terminator X) The moon is tidally locked to the Earth Y) Maria are mostly composed of basaltic minerals Z) Many moon rock samples are sedimentary

Z) MANY MOON ROCK SAMPLES ARE SEDIMENTARY

16) What is the term for the lowest temperature that can be attained by evaporating water into the air? W) Minimum temperature X) Wind chill temperature Y) Wet bulb temperature Z) Dry bulb temperature

Y) WET BULB TEMPERATURE

16) In South Africa sedimentary rocks of Archean age have been found with rounded pyrite pebbles, which are not found in sedimentary rocks today. What is the most likely reason for this? W) Pyrite is no longer formed on Earth's surface X) Liquid water was not present during the Archean Y) Atmospheric oxygen levels were very low in the Archean Z) Atmospheric pressure was lower in the Archean

Y) ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN LEVELS WERE VERY LOW IN THE ARCHEAN

23) What is one possible evolutionary adaptation that animals may have acquired to sense seismic activity? W) Vibration triggered early warning responses X) Heightened sensitivity to light

W) VIBRATION TRIGGERED EARLY WARNING RESPONSES

23) Which of the following is closest to the average number of years between reversals of the polarity of Earth's magnetic field? W) 200,000 X) 2 million Y) 20 million Z) 200 million

W) 200,000

4) Unconformities in the geologic record can form because of which of the following? W) Continuous deposition X) Erosion Y) Volcanism Z) Wind-blown deposition

X) EROSION

4) During an El Niño event, what wind pattern falters, causing cold, nutrient-rich water to be trapped underneath warmer waters? W) Jet stream X) Horse latitudes Y) Trade winds Z) Westerlies

Y) TRADE WINDS

22) Planetary nebulae expand with what range of speeds? W) 1-3 centimeters per secondX) 1-3 meters per secondY) 10-30 kilometers per secondZ) 1000-3000 kilometers per second

Y) 10-30 KILOMETERS PER SECOND

2) The sun produces energy by what conversion of atomic nuclei? W) Hydrogen to helium X) Helium to hydrogen Y) Oxygen to carbon dioxide Z) Dioxide to oxygen

W) HYDROGEN TO HELIUM

2) Most sinkholes are caused when what type of sedimentary rock isdissolved?

LIMESTONE

9) Which of the following is closest to the number of days of the world's supply of precipitation that is stored as water vapor in the Earth's atmosphere at any moment? W) 1 X) 7 Y) 28 Z) 365

X) 7

9) The earth is tilted at an angle of 23.5° with respect to the plane of its orbit around the sun. If the amount of tilt were increased to 40°, what would be expected in middle latitudes? W) Hotter summers and colder winters than at present X) Cooler summers and milder winters than at present Y) Hotter summers and milder winters than at present Z) Cooler summers and colder winters than at present

W) HOTTER SUMMERS AND COLDER WINTERS THAN AT PRESENT

15) Remnants of the energy released by the Big Bang are now distributed across the Universe as which of the following? W) X-rays X) Ultraviolet Y) Infrared Z) Microwaves

Z) MICROWAVES

15) Under the Cascade Mountains, some upwelling magma has cooled below the surface, forming plutons. Which of the following is true of these plutons? W) They are older than the surrounding bedrock X) They are younger than the surrounding bedrock Y) They are ultra-mafic Z) They are fine-grained

X) THEY ARE YOUNGER THAN THE SURROUNDING BEDROCK

20) What element is responsible for the destructive nature of CFCs to ozone molecules?

CHLORINE

20) According to the Saffir-Simpson scale, a hurricane with maximumsustained winds of 67 meters per second is considered to be what category? W) 2X) 3Y) 4Z) 5

Y) 4

3) What term is used to describe the formation of mountains?

OROGENY

3) What two layers of the atmosphere have the least influence over weather?

X) MESOSPHERE AND THERMOSPHERE

9) Which of the following clouds develops at the highest altitude?

W) CIRROCUMULUS

9) The Galápagos Islands consist of a single active volcano among volcanic islands whose ages increase westward. Based on this knowledge what geologic scenario is creating the islands?

X) HOT SPOT

14) What term is used to describe breaks in strata that represent periods during which deposition of sediments ceased and erosion removed previously formed rocks?

UNCONFORMITY

3) All the elements that are more massive than iron were formed by what astronomical phenomenon? W) Nova X) White dwarf Y) Supernova Z) Black hole

Y) SUPERNOVA

3) In a stable atmosphere, which of the following properties of an unsaturated air parcel will increase as the parcel is forced aloft? W) Relative humidity X) Mixing ratio Y) Saturation vapor pressure Z) Barometric pressure

W) RELATIVE HUMIDITY

9) A lunar eclipse can occur only during what phase of the moon? W) Full moon X) New moon Y) First quarter Z) Last quarter

W) FULL MOON

9) At what altitude does the greatest variation in daily temperature occur? W) Near the ground X) 10 meters above the ground Y) 50 meters above the ground Z) 100 meters above the ground

W) NEAR THE GROUND

14) A wind blowing from 135° equates to the wind coming from which direction? W) Northeast X) Northwest Y) Southeast Z) Southwest

Y) Southeast

14) Meteorologists use the Enhanced Fujita Scale to determine the strength of a tornado by assessing which of the following? W) Winds of the tornado X) Minimum barometric pressure of the tornado Y) Vorticity of the tornado Z) Damage left behind from the tornado

Z) DAMAGE LEFT BEHIND FROM THE TORNADO

22) Which of the following does not occur after the passage of a cold front? W) Wind direction shift X) Drop in relative humidity Y) Drop in barometric pressure Z) Clearing skies

Y) DROP IN BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

22) What is the name for the opening found on the surface of volcanic systems that vents volcanic gases? 2

FUMAROLE

5) Which of the following is a warm core, low pressure system? W) Anticyclone X) Hurricane Y) Nor'easter Z) Mid-latitude cyclone

X) HURRICANE

5) A total solar eclipse can occur only during what phase of the moon? W) Full moon X) New moon Y) First quarter Z) Last quarter

X) NEW MOON

11) The rate at which temperature decreases with increasing altitude is known as the: W) Temperature slope X) Lapse rate Y) Temperature sounding Z) Thermocline

X) LAPSE RATE

11) A backdoor cold front is most likely to occur in which of the following states? W) Florida X) California Y) Maine Z) Michigan

Y) MAINE

16) A chinook wind causes which of the following? W) Cooling and moistening of air X) Cooling and drying of air Y) Warming and moistening of air Z) Warming and drying of air

Z) WARMING AND DRYING OF AIR

16) Compared with Earth, Mars has: W) A denser atmosphere X) A shorter year Y) More surface water Z) Lower average surface temperature

Z) LOWER AVERAGE SURFACE TEMPERATURE

23) A line of brown semicircles on a weather map indicates: W) A warm front X) A cold front Y) A dry line Z) Smog

Y) A DRY LINE

23) What structural modification did the United States introduce to enable atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen and sulfur oxides to be dispersed at higher altitudes?

SMOKESTACKS

4) On a weather map, what type of front is represented by a line with red semicircles extending from one side?

WARM FRONT

4) What are the two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust?

OXYGEN AND SILICON

13) Which of the following types of lava flows results when a volcano erupts underwater? W) Pahoehoe lava X) A'a lava Y) Pillow lava Z) Block lava

Y) PILLOW LAVA

13) In which city would you be able to see cirrus clouds at an altitude of 3,000 meters above the surface? W) Ft. Lauderdale, Florida X) Honolulu, Hawaii Y) Barrow, Alaska Z) New York, New York

Y) BARROW, ALASKA

17) Using carbon-14 decay to determine the date of a material is an example of what technique? DATING, CARBON DATING)

RADIOCARBON DATING (ACCEPT: RADIOMETRIC DATING, RADIOACTIVE

17) If you are located at 40o North latitude, when will the Sun appear directly overhead? W) Never X) Once a year Y) Twice a year Z) Four times a year

W) NEVER

22) What term is used to describe snow that has been left over from the previous year's snowfall and can be considered as an intermediate stage between snow and glacial ice?

FIRN

22) For every 10 degree increase on the Celsius temperature scale, howmany degrees does the temperature increase on the Fahrenheit scale?

18

2) Which of the following planets is mostly composed of hydrogen, helium, and methane? W) Uranus X) Mercury Y) Mars Z) Venus

W) URANUS

2) Which of the following provides the most accurate description of carrying capacity? W) Population below the carrying capacity will increase primary succession X) Population above the carrying capacity cannot be sustained indefinitely Y) Population above the carrying capacity will always run out of spaceZ) Population above the carrying capacity will always result in excessive CO2 levels

X) POPULATION ABOVE THE CARRYING CAPACITY CANNOT BE SUSTAINED

9) What types of streams, usually found in deserts, only carry water in response to specific episodes of rainfall?

EPHEMERAL STREAMS

9) Identify all of the following three geological features that are formed by the wind: 1) Yardangs; 2) Roche moutonnee [moot-an-ay]; 3) Blowouts.

1 AND 3

15) Which of the following is true regarding all members of our solar system? W) They have always existed X) They were formed thousands of years ago from elements that have always existed Y) They were formed millions of years ago, when the elements and each body were created at the same time Z) They were formed billions of years ago from elements that were created in many previously existing stars WERE CREATED IN MANY PREVIOUSLY EXISTING STARS

Z) THEY WERE FORMED BILLIONS OF YEARS AGO FROM ELEMENTS THAT

15) Areas of low pressure exist over the equatorial regions due to which of the following? W) Temperature X) Salinity Y) Coriolis forces Z) Circulation

W) TEMPERATURE

20) Which of the following minerals is the most economically important ore for mining and extraction of the element mercury? W) Calcite X) Cinnabar Y) Chabazite Z) Cristobalite

X) CINNABAR

20) How fast, in miles per hour, can a tsunami travel over the open ocean? W) 20 X) 100 Y) 500 Z) 1000

Y) 500

1)A line with alternating blue triangles and red semicircles on aweather map indicates:W) A warm frontX) A cold frontY) A stationary frontZ) An occluded front

Y) A STATIONARY FRONT

1) Which of the following is closest to the average pH of marine water? W) 4.18 X) 6.19 Y) 7.56 Z) 8.16

Z) 8.16

7) What is the term for the vertical motions that occur when the atmosphere is unstable?

CONVECTION

7) An isobar on a weather map is a line that connects equal points of: W) Wind speed X) Pressure Y) Temperature Z) Relative humidity

X) PRESSURE

13) What is the name of the graben [grah-ben] that has the highest recorded temperature on Earth?

DEATH VALLEY

13) When using a psychrometer and the two temperatures read are nearly identical, what conclusion would you reach? W) Your instrument reading is accurate X) A change in temperature is forecast Y) The air has a high relative humidity Z) The dew point temperature is very low

Y) THE AIR HAS A HIGH RELATIVE HUMIDITY

3) Which of the following is a cloud type that, by definition, produces precipitation? W) Stratocumulus X) Altostratus Y) Nimbostratus Z) Altocumulus

Y) NIMBOSTRATUS

3) Which of the following explains why the number and intensity of wave cyclones is greatest during the late fall, winter and spring months? W) Air is drierX) Density of the air is greatestY) Temperature contrasts are greaterZ) Temperatures are below freezing

Y) TEMPERATURE CONTRASTS ARE GREATER

9) What is the name for the non-dimensional, unitless quantity that indicates how well a surface reflects solar energy?

ALBEDO

9) Which of the following is NOT true regarding the ocean floor? W) Continental shelves generally overlay oceanic crust X) The continental shelf tends to be fairly featureless Y) Continental shelves represent less than 10% of the total ocean area Z) Continental shelves are saturated with water

W) CONTINENTAL SHELVES GENERALLY OVERLAY OCEANIC CRUST

14) Detecting signatures of gravitational waves on the cosmic microwave background would lend support to what theory first proposed by Alan Guth?

INFLATION

14) What causes clouds of matter to flatten during the development of a protostar? W) Rotation X) Energy release Y) Gravity Z) Diffusion A

W) ROTATION

22) Pompeii was destroyed by what volcanic phenomenon, sometimes called "glowing avalanches?"

PYROCLASTIC FLOW (ACCEPT: NUÉE ARDENTE)

22) What soil horizon is the loosest and is characterized by partly decayedorganic matter?

O Horizon

5) Which of the following is a reasonable conclusion from the observation that particles found in the Sun's chromosphere are more ionized than ions found in the photosphere? W) The photosphere and the chromosphere are composed of different ionsX) The chromosphere is hotter than the photosphereY) The photosphere is magnetically opposite the chromosphereZ) The chromosphere is cooler than the photosphere

X) THE CHROMOSPHERE IS HOTTER THAN THE PHOTOSPHERE

5) What forces maintain neutron stars against gravitational collapse? W) Electromotive forces X) Frictional forces Y) Intermolecular forces Z) Nuclear forces

Z) NUCLEAR FORCES

11) What stars provide a distance scale to the galaxies? W) Quasars Y) Pulsars Y) Red Giants Z) Cepheid Variables

Z) CEPHEID VARIABLES

11) Under what circumstances could the relative humidity exceed 100% without producing condensation in the air? W) No condensation nuclei X) Low dew point temperature Y) Super-adiabatic lapse rate Z) Low absolute humidity

W) NO CONDENSATION NUCLEI

14) What type of optical aberration is unique to refracting telescopes relative to reflecting telescopes?

CHROMATIC ABERRATION

14) There are caves found in Bend, Oregon, just east of Mt. Jefferson. Based on their location, what type of rocks do you suspect make up these caves? W) Sedimentary X) Intrusive Igneous Y) Extrusive Igneous Z) Metamorphic 3A

Y) EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS

18) What type of nebula is formed as a star ejects ionized gas after its evolution through the asymptotic giant branch phase?

PLANETARY NEBULA

18) What is the relationship between the ages of stellar populations and their scale heights above the galactic disk?

Z) YOUNGER STELLAR POPULATIONS HAVE A SMALLER SCALE HEIGHT

4) In about twelve thousand years, the star Vega will be the North Star, not Polaris, due to which of the following: W) Jupiter's gravity X) Earth's tilted axis Y) Earth's axial precession Z) Earth's nutation

Y) EARTH'S AXIAL PRECESSION

4) Which of the following is true of the eyewall replacement cycles of a hurricane? W) Maximum sustained wind speeds tend to increase in the eyewall X) A smaller eye expands outward and replaces a larger eye Y) The core of strongest wind tends to become more compact Z) Eyewall replacement cycles are common when a hurricane reaches a Category 5 status REACHES A CATEGORY 5 STATUS

Z) EYEWALL REPLACEMENT CYCLES ARE COMMON WHEN A HURRICANE

13) What term refers to the outer limit of the Sun's electromagnetic influence?

HELIOPAUSE

13) Which of the following is true about spiral galaxies? W) Their spiral arms are dark due to the presence of cool, red stars X) They are the rarest type of galaxy in the observable universe Y) They originate from supernova explosions Z) Spiral galaxies with patchy arms are called flocculent spirals SPIRALS

Z) SPIRAL GALAXIES WITH PATCHY ARMS ARE CALLED FLOCCULENT

17) Type Ia supernovae are said to be standardizable candles because their intrinsic luminosity can be determined after taking what other factor into account? W) H alpha line width X) Si II line width Y) Decay time Z) Lyman alpha line width

Y) DECAY TIME

17) Cloud seeding with silver iodide is based upon what process? W) Haber process X) Sublimation Y) Bergeron process Z) Chemical vapor deposition

Y) BERGERON PROCESS

22) What is the nearest triple system?

ALPHA CENTAURI

22) The Columbia River Basalts are thought to be related to what major magma source found east of the basalt deposits?

YELLOWSTONE HOTSPOT

2) Coral polyps extract what compound out of seawater to form hard external skeletons?

CALCIUM CARBONATE

2) Trees growing on the edge of a river's meander are most likely to fall into the river due to: W) Deposition on the inside of the meander X) Deposition on the outside of the meander Y) Erosion on the inside of the meander Z) Erosion on the outside of the meander

Z) EROSION ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE MEANDER

9) What is the approximate mass of the object Sagittarius A-star in solar masses? W) 4 x 10 to the 2nd power X) 4 x 10 to the 6th power Y) 4 x 10 to the 10th power Z) 4 x 10 to the 16th power

X) 4 x 10 to the 6th POWER

9) How does the intensity of light passing through an absorbing medium change as a function of optical depth? W) It decreases exponentially with the optical depth X) It decreases as the sixth power of the optical depth Y) It decreases as the cube of the optical depth Z) It decreases as the square of the optical depth

W) IT DECREASES EXPONENTIALLY WITH THE OPTICAL DEPTH

15) What phase of a star's lifetime on the HR diagram involves a hydrogen shell burning around an inert helium core?

SUBGIANT BRANCH

15) The reasons why the Earth's core is believed to be largely molten iron do not include arguments that involve which of following? W) Density of iron X) Conductivity of iron Y) Magnetic properties of iron Z) Abundance of iron in the universe

Y) MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF IRON

20) According to Bowen's reaction series, which of the following minerals would crystallize at the highest temperature? W) Olivine X) Quartz Y) Muscovite Z) Orthoclase

W) OLIVINE

20) The Great Basin, Gobi, and Takla Makan are examples of what type of deserts?

RAINSHADOW DESERTS