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Intelligence
The ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment
Galton
Set the stage for measuring intelligence, but had a belief bias (ignored wealthy family component)
Binet
Set the stage for measuring intelligence, developed forerunner of all intelligence tests, solving a problem, not supporting a theory
Mental age
Intelligence based by ages
Stern
Created the intelligence quotient (Q)
Stanford-Binet Test
the first widely-administered intelligence test during WWI
WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)
most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests, 1939
WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)
Child version of the most widely used intelligence test, 1955
WPPSI (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence)
Toddler version of the most widely used intelligence test, 1967
Psychometric Approach
Approach that identifies and measures abilities that underlie individual differences in performance
Factor analysis
A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.
G factor
The ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence, created by Spearman in 1923
Spearman
This psychologist believed that intelligence depends on the g factor and on what skills are performed
Thurstone
This psychologist challenged Spearman - proposed 7 distinct primary mental abilities
Crystal intelligence
ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. It does not equate to memory, but it does rely on accessing information from long-term memory
Fluid intelligence
One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood, solving new problems
Three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities
Carroll's model of intelligence, including g at the top of the hierarchy, eight moderately general abilities in the middle, and many specific processes at the bottom (general->broad->narrow)
Cognitive Processes Approach
Approach that explores info-processing and cognitive
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Created by Sternberg, intelligence is separated into analytical, practical and creative intelligences
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Created by Gardner in 2003, there are eight distinct adaptive abilities
Aptitude test
Test independent of prior learning, but hard to construct
Achievement
Test that examines how much has been learnt in one's life and predicts future performance
Reliability
Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings
Validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.
Standardization
Process of developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test and for establishing norms
Flynn effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
Static testing
A type of test where testees respond to as similar a stimulus as possible
Dynamic testing
A type of testing where testees individual responses are given feedback (not only measuring a product of previous learning)
Raven Progressive Matrices
Tests that measure fluid intelligence, detecting the next figure in a pattern (culturally fair)
Outcome bias
Refers to the extent that a test underestimates a persons true intellectual ability
Predictive bias
Occurs if the test successfully predicts criterion measures for some groups but not for other groups
Psychometrics
The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits through testing
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