PSYCH CHAPTER 10 - INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence

The ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment

Galton

Set the stage for measuring intelligence, but had a belief bias (ignored wealthy family component)

Binet

Set the stage for measuring intelligence, developed forerunner of all intelligence tests, solving a problem, not supporting a theory

Mental age

Intelligence based by ages

Stern

Created the intelligence quotient (Q)

Stanford-Binet Test

the first widely-administered intelligence test during WWI

WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)

most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests, 1939

WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)

Child version of the most widely used intelligence test, 1955

WPPSI (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence)

Toddler version of the most widely used intelligence test, 1967

Psychometric Approach

Approach that identifies and measures abilities that underlie individual differences in performance

Factor analysis

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.

G factor

The ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence, created by Spearman in 1923

Spearman

This psychologist believed that intelligence depends on the g factor and on what skills are performed

Thurstone

This psychologist challenged Spearman - proposed 7 distinct primary mental abilities

Crystal intelligence

ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. It does not equate to memory, but it does rely on accessing information from long-term memory

Fluid intelligence

One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood, solving new problems

Three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities

Carroll's model of intelligence, including g at the top of the hierarchy, eight moderately general abilities in the middle, and many specific processes at the bottom (general->broad->narrow)

Cognitive Processes Approach

Approach that explores info-processing and cognitive

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Created by Sternberg, intelligence is separated into analytical, practical and creative intelligences

Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Created by Gardner in 2003, there are eight distinct adaptive abilities

Aptitude test

Test independent of prior learning, but hard to construct

Achievement

Test that examines how much has been learnt in one's life and predicts future performance

Reliability

Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Standardization

Process of developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test and for establishing norms

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

Static testing

A type of test where testees respond to as similar a stimulus as possible

Dynamic testing

A type of testing where testees individual responses are given feedback (not only measuring a product of previous learning)

Raven Progressive Matrices

Tests that measure fluid intelligence, detecting the next figure in a pattern (culturally fair)

Outcome bias

Refers to the extent that a test underestimates a persons true intellectual ability

Predictive bias

Occurs if the test successfully predicts criterion measures for some groups but not for other groups

Psychometrics

The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits through testing