ES207 EXAM 2

Giantism

Excess growth hormone results in this condition.

Water-soluble hormones

proteins, peptides, and amino acids.

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary.

Glucagon

This hormone is secreted by alpha cells.

Lamellar bone

Mature bone is also known as this.

Fibrous joints

The least movable type of joint.

Epiphyseal plate

When you stop growing, this becomes a line.

Smallest to largest structure in muscle

Filament, fibril, fiber, fascicle, muscle.

Tropomyosin

This covers the myosin heads.

Slow twitch fibers

These muscle fibers are predominantly used during long-distance running.

T tubules

These carry action potentials into the sarcomere.

Strain

An injury to a tendon is a ______

Isotonic contractions

Concentric and eccentric contractions are types of these.

Calcitonin

Produced by the thyroid gland, this hormone lowers blood calcium levels.

Depolarization phase

During this phase of an action potential, sodium (Na+) channels open and sodium enters the cell.

Repolarization phase

During this phase of an action potential, potassium (K+) channels open and potassium exits the cell.

Hormone-receptor interaction

Hormones only interact with tissues that have specific receptors for that hormone.

Hormonal amplification

A process where a single hormone molecule binds to multiple receptors, resulting in many secondary messengers.

Calcium ions (Ca2+)

They bind to troponin, allowing actin and myosin to interact. Without it the muscle cannot contract.

ATP unavailability effect

The muscle would contract but relaxation would be impaired, causing sustained contraction.

Myosin and actin interaction

Myosin filaments pull actin toward the center of the sarcomere, causing contraction.

Endocrine glands

These secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Chemical Messengers

Neurotransmitters secreted by nerve cells and hormones that bind to receptors.

Humoral stimulation of hormone release

Chemical levels in the blood stimulate hormone release.

Synovial joints

Freely movable joints that are joined by a fluid-filled cavity.

Types of muscle fibers

Slow, Fast, Slow Glycolytic; differences lie in rate of contraction and fatigue resistance.

Isometric muscle contraction

increases tension without changing length

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary, striated, and the most common type of muscle.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary, smooth, and uninucleated muscle that lines organs.

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle found in the heart, connected by intercalated disks.

Motor unit

A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

an injury to a ligament is a

sprain

isotonic muscle contraction

changes length while increasing tension