A level chemistry organic conversions

Alkene → Alkane

Alkene → Alkane

H₂, Ni catalyst, 150°C

Alkene → Dihaloalkane

Halogen, RTP

Alcohol → Alkene

Acid/H₂SO₄/H₃PO₄ catalyst, heat

Alkene → Alcohol

Steam, Acid/H₂SO₄/H₃PO₄ catalyst, >100°C

Alkene → Haloalkane

Hydrogen halide, RTP

Alkane → Haloalkane

Halogen, UV

Haloalkane → Primary Amine

Excess ammonia in ethanol, heat

Nitrile → Amine

H₂, Ni/Pt catalyst, heat

Haloalkane → Nitrile

NaCN or KCN in ethanol, reflux

Nitrile → Carboxylic Acid

Dilute HCl, reflux

Carboxylic acid → Acyl chloride

SOCl₂

Acyl Chloride → Carboxylic acid

H₂O

Acyl Chloride → Primary Amide

NH₃

Acyl Chloride → Secondary Amide

Primary amine

Acyl chloride → Ester

Alcohol

Carboxylic acid → Ester

Alcohol, concentrated H₂SO₄, heat

Ester → Carboxylic acid

Dilute acid, reflux

Ester → Carboxylate salt

Dilute alkali, reflux

Primary alcohol → Aldehyde

Cr₂O₇²⁻,H₂SO₄, distillation

Aldehyde → Primary alcohol

NaBH₄, water, heat

Alcohol → Ester

Carboxylic acid, concentrated H₄SO₄ catalyst, heat OR Acyl chloride OR Acid anhydride

Primary alcohol → Carboxylic acid

Cr₂O₇²⁻,H₂SO₄, reflux

Aldehyde/Ketone → Hydroxynitrile

NaCN, H₂SO₄

Alcohol → Haloalkane

Sodium halide, H₂SO₄

Haloalkane → Alcohol

Reflux with aq NaOH/KOH

Hydroxynitrile → Hydroxyamine

H₂ and Ni/Pt catalyst, heat

Benzene → Halobenzene

Halogen, AlX₃ or FeX₃

Benzene → Nitrobenzene

Concentrated HNO₃ and Concentrated H₂SO₄, 50-55°C

Benzene → Phenylketone

Acyl chloride, AlCl₃ catalyst, reflux

Benzene → Alkyl benzene

Haloalkane, AlX₃ catalyst, reflux

Nitrobenzene → Phenylamine

Sn and conc HCl, reflux

Phenol → 2-Nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol

Dilute HNO₃