Anatomy exam

stratum germinativum cells

epidermal cells that are actively mitotic and replace superficial cells that are continually rubbed off

what causes the tanning effect that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun

melanin

fingers and toenails are composed of what materia

keratin

pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors indicates

melanoma

describe the vital functions of the skin

regulate body temperature, prevents loss of fluids and penetration of toxins, protection from radiation, excretes toxic substances, mechanical support

acne and seborrhea are caused by the problems in what gland

sebaceous

what are the categories of epithelial tissue membranes?

mucous, cutaneous, serous, synovial

how do physicians estimate the volume of fluid lost in a severly burned patient?

rule of nines

what do eccrine glands secrete?

sweat: 90% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of waste, lactic acid, vitamin C

describe the function of arrector pili muscles

they contract to stand hairs upright this traps air against the skin creating an insulating barrier that prevents body heat from escaping

describe the hypodermis level of skin

it is below the dermis and contains adipose tissue

function of keratin in skin

prevents the skin from soaking up moisture like a sponge

The functions of the nervous system in the human body?

The master controlling and communicating system of the body, works sensory input, interrogation, and motor output

how the nervous system is organized by structural classification?

organized into the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.

How is the nervous system organized by functional class?

its organized by PNS structures and is put into sensory/afferent division or the motor/efferent division

What are the functions of the Cerebral Cortex?

interpret body sensory receptors, lobes of their own, consciously move skeletal muscles and work physical speech area

What are the functions of Cerebral White matter?

to carry impulses, connect cerebral hemispheres, and connect cerebrum with CNS centers

What could we not accomplish without basal nuclei?

we would not be able to walk normally or carry out other voluntary movements in the usual normal way.

 function and structure of neuronS

transparent nucleus, no centrioles, substance maintains cell shape, and it is the metabolic center

Describe the functions and structures of processes

microscopic 4ft arm like fibers, and releases neurotransmitters across the synaptic cleft at axon terminals

describe the functions and structures of myelin sheaths?

whitish waxy fatty material, and to protect and insulate nerve fibers and increase transmission rate of impulses

How are neurons classified by their functionS?

Based on direction of the impulse is traveling relative to the CNS

How are neurons classified by their structure

based on the number of processes extending from the cell body.

structure and function of astrocytes

star shaped structures make up almost 50% of neural tissue and they make exchanges with neurons and capillaries.

What would happen in the brain without microglia?

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Too much debris would build up

What would happen in the brain without ependymal cells?

cerebrospinal fluid would not circulate

Describe the function and structure of oligodendrocytes?

They are flat fatty cells that produce myelin sheaths around nerve fibers

Immediately after an action potential is propagated, what ion rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid?

potassium ions

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of what system

autonomic nervous system

describe the sequence of events that follow a threshold potential?

sodium channels open, depolarize, potassium channels open and repolarize, sodium goes out and potassium goes into the cell.

An action potential is caused by an influx of what ions into the cell?

sodium ions

What is a synaptic cleft?

the gap between two communicating neuronS

What is another name for sensory and motor nerves?

afferent nerves and efferent nerves

The synaptic nerve is a combination of what two nerves?

the common fibular and tibial nerves combine to make the sciatic nerve

What system is responsible for preparing the body for the flight or fight response?

sympathetic nervous system

What are osteons?

Functional unit of most compact bones

What type of cell does PTH activate

Osteoclasts

What facial bones does the vomer pair with

none

What type of vertebrae are in the neck region? How many are there?

Cervical vertebra, seven

What is the first cervical vertebra called

atlas

What is the only bone in the body that does not articulate with any other bones

Hyoid bone

What 3 bones Fuse to form the sternum

Manbrium, body, xiphoid process

Order of ribs from superior to inferior

True ribs, false ribs, floating ribs

The axial skeleton includes what bones

Skull- ossicles Ribs and sternum Vertebrae

What is a foramen

Round opening through a bone

What is the common name for the coccyx?

tailbone

What is canaliculi

Passageways through which bones with Lacunae receive nourishment from blood cells

Flat bone

made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone. They have a flat shape, not rounded

Where are blood vessels and nerve fibers located in bone?

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon Haversian canals

What is the function of yellow marrow in adults?

Stores adipose tissue

Main bones of the foot

Calcaneus, talus, metatarsals, tarsals, phalanges

How do the male and female pelvis differ

Distance between female ischial spines is greater

Where is the intercondylar fossa found

femur

What bones form the shoulder girdle

Clavicle, scapula, humerus

What are the long bones found in the leg

Femur, fibula, tibia, metatarsals, phalanges

What are phalanges

Bones of the fingers and toes

Where is the greater trochanter located

femur

Most important minerals found in bones

Calcium, phosphorus

What are sharpeys fibers

The sense connective tissue fibers rhat secure the periosteum to the underlying bone

What type of fracture is common in osteoporotic bones?

compression fracture

describe the four stages of healing a bones fracture in the order that they occur

hematoma formationfibrocartilage callus formationbony callus formationbone remodeling

what is ossification

the formation of a bone

what type of movement occurs at amphiarthroses articulations? Synarthroses?

amphiarthroses- permits only slight degrees of movement syarthroses- permits no movement

What category of bone are coxal bones?

irregular bones

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

hyaline cartilage

What does the presence of an epiphyseal plate indicate?

bone length increasing

What determines where a bone matrix is remodeled?

stresses of gravity and muscle pull on the skeleton

What is a compound fracture?

the broken bone is exposed to the outside

What is a greenstick fracture?

a fracture that occurs when one side of the bone is broken while the other side is bent

What are lacunae?

The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found

What is a comminuted fracture?

a bone fracture where the bone is broken into many fractures

What causes the striations in skeletal muscle cells?

The arrangement of the myofilaments

Describe cardiac muscle tissue

rhythmic contractions, involuntary, striated, uninucleate

What criteria are generally used when naming muscles?

number of origins of the muscle, shape of the muscle, relative size of the muscle, action of the muscle

Describe skeletal muscle cell

single very long, cylindrical, multi nucleate cells with very obvious striations

What muscles close the jaw?

masseter, temporalis

what is a sarcomere?

The contractile unit between 2 z discs

What is the function of the iliopsoas?

the iliopsoas is the strongest flexor of the hip joint important walking muscle

What structure in the muscle is composed of myosin protein

thick filaments

Describe the structures of a skeletal muscle in order from largest to smallest

fascicle, muscle fiber(cell), myofibril, sacromere, myofilament

What does it mean for muscles to be antagonists?

The muscles occur in pairs as one of the pairs contracts, the other relaxes and vice versa

What types of muscle have involuntary regulation of contraction?

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

What is the sarcolemma?

plasma membrane of a muscle cell

what is a synaptic cleft?

the gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemmma of a muscle cell

What is the fastest way for muscle cells to generate ATP?

Anaerobic gylcolysis and lactic acid formation

describe an isotonic muscle contraction

a muscular contraction against resistance in which the length of the muscle changes cocentric: muscle shortenseccentric: muscle lengthen

What generates the mechanic force of contraction?

the sliding of thin actin filaments past thick myosin ones

What is the difference between skeletal muscle twitch and tetanic contraction?

muscle twitch- brief and jerky movement tetanic contraction- prolonged and continuous

Where are neurotransmitters released upon stimulation from a nerve impulse?

the axon terminals of the motor neuron

what is the sacroplasmic reticulum?

an elaborate and specialized network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that function in calcium storage

How do actin and myosin interact during skeletal muscle contraction?

myosin cross bridges attach to active sites of actin filaments

What does anaerobic mean?

without oxygen

what neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle

acetylcholine

What function do calcium ions perform during skeletal muscle contraction

they expose myosin binding sites on the actin filaments

What muscle is used for suckling in infants and whistling in adults?

the buccinator

What is the function of the bicuspid valve?

When the ventricles contract, it keeps blood from flowing from the left ventricle to the left atrium

What vessel empties deoxygenated blood into the right atrium?

The superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava empties blood into the right atrium as well

What arteries branch from the ascending aorta before the aortic arch?

Right and left coronary artery

Where is the carotid artery located

neck

Describe what causes the lub-dub sounds of the heart

Lub Longer and louder Caused by closure of the AV valves Dub Shorter and sharperCaused by closure of the semilunar valves