Microbiology Chapter 1 Review

Define pathogen.

Microorganism/agent that produces diseases

Prokaryotic

single cell, no membrane bound organelles or nucleus

Eukaryotic

multicellular, enclosed nucleus, membrane bound by organelles

Coccus

Circle/Spherical

Bacillus

Rod

Spiral

Curved/Wavy

Are viruses considered to be living or nonliving? Why?

Not living because need a host to live and reproduce

Who was able to first observe cells?

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Who gave cells their name?

Robert Hooke

Who did the S-neck experiment?

Louis Pasteur

What did the S-neck experiment prove?

 Disapproved the idea of spontaneous generation (life comes spontaneously)

What are Koch’s Postulates?

sequence of steps relating microbes to specific diseases

When are Koch’s Postulates used?

studying to relate microbes to disease

Why are Koch’s Postulates important?

establishing causation between pathogen and diseases

Who was Edward Jenner?

Invented the first vaccination

What did Edward Jenner do?

Gave people cowpox (mild form of smallpox) to give people immunity to the smallpox virus

What field studies fungal infections?

Mycology

Where do we find normal microbiota?

skin, eyes, large intestine, nose, mouth/throat, urinary, genitalia

Where do we not find normal microbiota?

bottom of lungs, blood

What are the domains categorized to microorganisms?

 Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

Capitalized

Genus

Lower Case

Species

What else is done to naming microorganisms?

Italicized/Underlined

Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

• First recognized in China in December

• Severe acute respiratory

• March 2020 was declared a

  pandemic by the World Health Organization

Monkeypox (M pox)

• Orthopoxvirus

• Disease in humans: flu-like illness and painful rash

• Virus is found in rodents and is endemic in humans in

  west and central Africa

• 2022: outbreak in the United States and other

  non endemic countries

• Transmitted human-to-human by prolonged direct contact

  Vaccine and effective chemotherapy is available

Zika virus disease

• discovered in 1947 in Uganda

• Human epidemics in Micronesia 2007, then in French

  Polynesia and Brazil in 2013–2015

• Spread by bite of an infected Aedes mosquito; also transmitted by sexual contact

• Disease is typically mild, with fever, rash, and joint pain

• Infection during pregnancy can result in severe birth defects

H1N1 influenza

• Also known as swine flu

• First detected in the United States in 2009 Declared a pandemic, or worldwide large-scale outbreak, by W H O in 2009

Avian influenza A (H5N1)

• Also known as bird flu

• Primarily in waterfowl and poultry

• Sustained human-to-human transmission has not yet occurred

Antibiotic-Resistant Infections

• 1950s: Penicillin resistance developed

• 1980s: Methicillin resistance

• 1990s: M R S A resistance to vancomycin reported

Ebola virus disease

• First identified in 1976 in Sudan and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Causes fever, hemorrhaging, and intravascular blood clotting

• Transmitted via contact with infected blood or body fluids

• 2014 outbreak in West Africa; over 28,000 infected over two years, with one-third of cases causing death

• 2 vaccines available

 What are some of the roles microorganisms play in our lives?

Live in our intestines, help with digestion, and make vitamin B, Help prevent pathogenic bacteria from making a home on the body

 Define normal microbiota.

Microbes normally present in and on the human body

What was the theory of biogenesis?

Living cells can only come from other cells

Define Immunity

Protection from disease is provided by vaccination