Anth 1000 exam 3 dr berk

We assume that \_______ & \_______ are the same thing

sex & gender

\_________ \_________ differ radically in time & space

gender norms

\_______ \_______ that define a person as a male or female were always \______

physical characteristics ; present

No matter what, \_________ \________ remain present

biological differences

How boys and girls learn to express their masculinity and femininity, along with their gender roles, varies \_______

across and within culture

Sex

biological distinctions between males and females

Gender

cultural constructions of male and female characteristics

Male/Female is a persons \_____

sex

Man/Woman is a persons \_____

gender

Gender is:

a set of roles, assumptions, practices, and stereotypes we use to give shape to male and female characteristics, both social and biological

Why can one guess gender easier?

because gendered clothing, bodies, and hairstyles vary predictably and consistently

What inform our expectations of "normal" ?

gender stereotypes

A "tomboy" is considered

in between/intermediate

The term "ladies" is considered

overly feminine; didn't like getting dirty, etc.

The term "bitches" is considered

overly masculine; cusses a lot

Arapesh

men and women both acted as Americans expect women to act- mild, nurturing

Mundugumor

men and women both acted as we expect men to act- fierce, aggressive

Tchambuli

men act as we stereotype women as acting- "catty", overly concerned with appearance- and women act as we stereotype men- energetic, managerial, less emphasis on personal appearance

In our society we tend to assume that we all share a \_______

two-gender, two-sex system

While a two-gender, two-sex system may be the norm for most, it is

neither a cultural nor a biological universal

Third-sexes

outside of male/female

Intersex

a female may have normal internal genetalia but male external genitalia (Klinefelter Syndrome, Triple X Syndrome, Turner syndrome, etc.)

Just as there are biological exceptions to the two-sex system norm, there are cultural exceptions to the two-gender system norm (recognized as neither man or woman)

third-genders

Two-spirited

two-spirit amongst Plains Indian groups

Hijras (in India)

described as a third gender; neither man or woman

How do individuals become a part of the Hijra community?

ritualized events

Gender Stratification

unequal distribution of awards between women and men

Male dominance is \______

patriarchy

Patriarchy and greater male prestige are associated with

the masculinization of the public sphere and the feminization of the domestic sphere

Domestic-Public Dichotomy

this endearing process corresponds to modes of production and divisions of labor in all human economies.

Foragers have \_____

little gender stratification & a simple division of labor (less domestic-public dichotomy)

For foragers, the status of men is noticeably higher only when \____________

their contribution of subsistence is greater

Horticulturalists have \_______

a more complex division of labor and more gender distinction

For horticulturalists, the status of men is higher when \______

women contribute much more or much less to subsistence (they're isolated from the public domain, which men control)

Male dominance is likely for horticulturalists when \______

there is local welfare and economic scarcity

Agriculturalists have \_____

more gender stratification, and more complex division of labor and political control

For agriculturalists, the status of men is higher when \______

they contribute more to the general as well as the household economy (women are considered a drain or a risk, hence they are controlled and their access to important resources is limited)

Industrialists have \_____

a complex division of labor, but not inherently dependent on gender differences, so it is more flexible

For industrialists, the status of men and women is higher when \______

they contribute more to the household and general economies (the public-domestic dichotomy persists, though neither space is associated exclusively with males or females)

In industrialists, women are less likely to be considered a drain \______, or a risk \______

economically, politically

In industrialists, women are \_____ controlled by men and their access to important resources is \____ as limited as in pre-industrial, agricultural societies

less, not

What is a kink and consequence of the Domestic-Public Dichotomy Model?

in advanced capitalist societies, the public sphere becomes a sphere of nominal equality

What are 4 ways (or recent shifts) that suggests our society is in the midst of a reduction of male dominance and patriarchal values?

changing attitudes towards:
1. homosexuality and 'gender transgression'
2. male sexuality/violence
3. female sexuality/ passivity
4. use of new gender models as forms of postcolonial social control and ethnocentric cultural critique of non-Western populations

Power

the ability to exercise one's will over others

Authority

the formal, socially approved use of power

T/F - You can have power, but not authority

true

What 2 things must people do in order to engage in politics?

1. contain, channel, exploit, and resolve conflict
2. limit, encourage, exploit, and regulate cooperation

Why must people do those 2 things in order to engage in politics?

Humans must cooperate to produce (and reproduce). And all modes of production are based on divisions of labor and forms of inequality that lead to conflict. \-- Politics is the means through which conflict and cooperation are regulated as part of a larger context of social (re)production.

Max Weber distinguished between three related dimensions of stratification, what are they?

wealth, power, and prestige

Wealth means

economic status

Power means

political status

Prestige means

social status

Elman Service lists four types, or levels, of political organization, what are they?

bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states

Bands

small, kin-based groups, commonly found among foragers

How is the division of labor separated in bands?

it is based on differences in age and sex

Bands have what kind of membership and relations with each other?

flexible membership and egalitarian, and informal relations among members

Bands social system is based on what?

kinship, reciprocity, and sharing

Who is a good example of bands?

Inuit

What are the subsistence activities of the inuit?

hunting and fishing (commonly done by men)

What are the most important social units of the inuit?

the nuclear family and the band

T/F - there are more female deaths than male deaths in the inuit?

false (more male death than female, b/c of hunting and fishing on ice & sea \= dangerous)

T/F - inuit women outnumber men

true

T/F - inuit men are permitted to have more than one wife

true (polygyny)

Band leaders are \______

first among leaders

Inuit lack \______ \______ but have methods of \_____ \_______ to settle disputes

formal law, social control

Most disputes within the inuits are

between men and originated over women

The wronged man in the inuits has options, what are they?

- murder (brings retaliation; negative reciprocity)
- song battle (insulting songs) but wife might not return

What are the two types of tribes?

horticulturalists and pastoralists

With horticulturalists and pastoralists what is the division of labor and forms of inequality based on?

differences in age and sex, but new ways of defining difference emerge

What is kinship like within tribes?

kinship is increasingly lineal (and less flexible) in orientation

Where do tribes live and how are they organized?

they live in villages and are organized into descent groups

What kind of government do tribes have?

no formal government and no reliable means of enforcing political decisions

Do tribes have defined social classes?

no

Tribal leadership is an \_______ \_________ and is \______ \______, unlike an ascribed status (fixed at birth)

achieved status; not permanent

In tribes, how does the village head achieve gain social status?

through generosity

T/F - if a village is not happy with their village head, they can leave and start their own without him

true

PNG is considered the

"big man"

How does one become the PNG?

through hard work; eloquence, wealth, ability to gain support and loyalty of others

What are examples of pantribal sodalities?

Mende and Maasai

What do Pantribal Sodalities do?

link people together who are not biological relatives

Pantribal Sodalities operate similarly to what?

greek organizations (have initiation rituals)

What are social relations in chiefdoms mainly based on?

kinship, marriage, descent, age, generation, and gender

T/F - chiefdoms have an elaborate division of labor

true

Chiefs regulate a regional economy through \_________ \__________

chiefly redistribution

What is the division of society into lower and higher ranks accomplished by?

by using an idiom of kinship, but the stage is set for more radical forms of inequality

Is the position of a chief a permanent position?

yes

What is the social status in chiefdoms based on?

seniority of descent

States

autonomous political units with social strata and a formal government

What is monopolized by the ruling elites and by functionaries who depend on elites for support?

power, wealth, and prestige

The state is driven (and sustained) by 4 practical activities:

1. Population Control
2. Judicial Policy (making of laws, interpreted by judges)
3. Enforcement (by forces and need to be equipped)
4. Fiscal Support (printing and minting of money, keeping a portion to fund activities 1-3)

Judicial Policy

making of laws, interpreted by judges

Enforcement

by forces and need to be equipped

Fiscal Support

printing and minting of money, keeping a portion to fund activities 1-3

The movement along the band tribe chiefdom state continuum is related to several shifts, what are they?

1. The growing complexity of food production and the size of production surpluses
2. The growth of political associations that are larger than kinship and are defined in ways that transcend (or limit) kinship
3. The emergence of permanent offices as opposed to personality-based leadership roles
4. The development of 'politics' as a specialized activity as opposed to one dimension of more general forms of social interaction
5. The establishment of larger, more densely concentrated human populations
6. Increasing levels of social inequality

Most Americans are convinced we live in a \_______ \______, but what kind of society do we actually live in? What is this referred to as?

"free society", a society marked by radical, permanent inequality sanctioned by law; a paradox

What kind of ideas are we obsessed with?

ideas of equality, personal autonomy, universal human rights, and choice

What is problematic about religion?

the supernatural part

Attempts to equate religion with the supernatural are what?

ethnocentric and biased toward what we think is real and what's not

Are "democracy" or "voting" religious?

You consider them to be part of the real world, not a supernatural one, therefore they can't be about religion (not entirely the case)

Mana

a sacred impersonal force existing in the universe, that's potentially subject to human manipulation