AP Gov- Unit 1

Classical republicanism

 An early theory of democracy that holds that the best kind of government is one that promotes the "common good" and the welfare of an entire society. Its characteristics include civic virtue, moral education, and small, uniform communities.

Individual rights theory

Individual rights include life, liberty, and property.

Republic

a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people.

Democracy (direct and indirect)

indirect democracy: A form of government in which people elect representatives to rule in their interest.

direct democracy: a form of democracy in which all laws and policies imposed by governments are determined by the people themselves, rather than by representatives who are elected by the people.

Limited government

A government system with restricted powers and limitations on its authority, ensures individual rights and freedoms are protected.

Civic virtue

Moral behavior and actions for the betterment of society and the common good. Includes responsibility, respect, and community participation. Promotes qualities like honesty, integrity, fairness, and compassion.

Moral education

The study of principles and values guiding human behavior, helping individuals make ethical decisions and contribute to society. It promotes empathy, respect, and responsibility.

Natural law

"Principles of right and wrong derived from human nature and reason, rather than from religious or societal norms."

Natural rights

Inherent rights that all individuals possess by virtue of being human, including life, liberty, and property.

Popular sovereignty

Government power is derived from the people, who have the right to choose their leaders and make decisions through voting and participation.

Right of revolution

The inherent right of people to overthrow a government that has become oppressive or tyrannical, through peaceful or forceful means, in order to establish a new system that upholds their rights and freedoms.

State of nature

A concept in political philosophy that refers to the hypothetical condition of human beings living without any form of government or authority.

Social contract

Agreement between individuals and their government, where people surrender some freedoms in exchange for protection and benefits.

Political legitimacy

refers to the belief or acceptance that a government or ruler has the right to exercise authority and make decisions on behalf of a society. It is based on consent, popular support, and adherence to established laws and norms.

Common law

Legal system based on precedents and court decisions, rather than written laws. Evolves over time and is flexible. Used in countries like England and the United States.

Precedent

A decision made by a higher court such as a circuit court of appeals or the Supreme Court that is binding on all other federal courts.

Stare decisis

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 a doctrine in which judges are obligated to follow the precedents established in prior decisions. In stare decisis, lower court must obey past decisions made by higher courts.

Writ of habeas corpus

A court order that requires police to bring a prisoner to court to explain why they are holding the person in custody or under restraint.

Rule of law

the idea that those who govern must follow the laws; no one is above the law.

Covenant

a formal agreement; can be between two people, between nations, or a relationship between God and a human individual or nation; is more personal than a contract; involves loyalty; is not just a financial exchange.

Writ of assistance

Legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled.