Human Anatomy 2 Chapters 19 and 20 Vocab

Components of he Cardiovascular System

• Blood

• Capillaries

• Arteries

• Heart

• Veins

• Blood Vessels

Capillaries

Allow for substances to move between cells and blood

Vein

Carries blood towards heart

Artery

Carries blood away from heart

Left Heart

• Pumps blood to heart

• Receives oxygenated blood from lungs

Right Heart

• Receives deoxygenated blood from body

• Pumps blood to lungs

Pulmonary Circulation Steps

• Superior Vena Cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus deliver blood to right atrium

• Blood crosses R atrioventricular valve

• Blood enters R Ventricle

• Blood crosses pulmonary semilunar valve

• Blood enters Pulmonary Trunk

• Blood enters R and L Pulmonary Arteries

• Blood enters R and L lungs

• Blood enters pulmonary capillaries

• Blood is oxygenated

• Blood enters R and L pulmonary veins

• Blood enters Left Atrium

Systemic Circulation Steps

• Blood enters Left Atrium

• Blood crosses L atrioventricular valve

• Blood enters L ventricle

• Blood crosses aortic valve

• Blood enters aorta

• Blood enters systemic artery

• Nutrients delivered

• Deoxygenated blood enters systemic veins

• Blood enters SVC, IVC, and Coronary Sinus

• Blood enters R atrium

Right Atrium

Heart chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from body

Aorta

Carries blood from Left ventricle to body

Left Ventricle

Heart chamber that pumps blood to body

Right Atrioventricular Valve

Controls blood flow between the Right atrium and Left ventricle

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Controls blood flow between right ventricle and lungs

Tendinous Cords

Heart strings; connect papillary muscle to atrioventricular valves

Pulmonary capillaries

allows for oxygen to enter blood

Pulmonary arteries

carries blood from right ventricle to lungs

Papillary muscle

muscles in ventricular wall that control the atrioventricular valve

myocardium

middle layer of heart wall; contains cardiac muscle that pumps blood

inferior vena cava

carries blood from lower body to right atrium

left atrioventricular valve

controls blood flow between left atrium and left ventricle

Pulmonary Veins

Carries blood from lungs to left atrium

Left Atrium

heart chamber that receives oxygenated blood

Right Ventricle

Heart chamber that pumps blood to lungs

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Controls blood flow between left ventricle and aorta

Endocardium

Innermost later of the heart wall

Intercalculated Discs

Cellular connection of the heart muscle that provide both mechanical and electrical connections

Coronary Sinus

Carries blood from the heart tissue to right atrium

Superior Vena Cava

Carries blood from upper body to the right atrium

Q-T Interval

Time it takes for an action potential to move through ventricles

P Wave

Atrial Depolarization

Q-T Segment

Time when ventricles contract

P- R Interval

Time it takes for an action potential to move through an entire conduction system

T Wave

Ventricular Repolarization

QRS Complex

Ventricular Depolarization

P-Q Segment

Time when atria is contracting

Atrial Relaxation/Ventricular Filling

Ventricles relax and open the atrioventricular valves

Isovolumetric Contraction

Ventricles contract enough to close the atrioventricular valves but not open the semilunar valves; blood remains in ventricles

Ventricular Ejection

Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta; Rightventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk

Isovolumetric Relaxation

Ventricle Relaxes and closes semilunar valves

Atrial Contraction and Ventricular Filling

Left atrium pumps blood into the left ventricle; right atrium pumps blood. into the right ventricle

Preload

Amount of stretch in heart wall prior to contraction

Cardiac Output

Amount of blood pumped by one ventricle in one minute

Chronotropic Agents

Substances capable of changing heart rates

Cardiac Reserve

Increase in cardiac output above resting level

Contractibility

Force of heart contraction

Edema

Swelling

Afterload

Resistance in arteries to ejection of blood by ventricles

Venous Return

Amount of blood the veins return to heart

Heart Rate

Number of beats per minute

Ventricular Balances

Left ventricle and Right ventricle pump equal amounts of blood

Inotropic Agents

Substances capable of altering heart contractibility

Stoke Volume

Cardiac Output = Stoke Volume x Heart Rate

Systole

Heart Chamber Contraction

Cardiac Cycle

Inclusive changes within heart from initiation of one heartbeat to beginning of the next

Conductivity

Process of an action potential moving down the sarcolemma

Diastole

Heart Chamber Relaxation

Atrial Reflex

Automatic response keeps heart from over filling

Perfusions

Delivery of blood per unit of time per gram of tissue

Tetany

Sustained muscle contraction that leads to muscle fatigue

Refractory Period

Time when muscle cannot contract

Vasa Vasorum

Small arteries that supply blood flow to large blood vessels

Tunica Media

Smooth Muscle

Tunica Interna

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Tunica Externa

Areolar Connective Tissue

Arterial Anastomoses

Many arterioles lead to one single capillary bed

Portal System

Vein enters a second capillary bed before draining into a second bed

Arteriovenous Anastomoses

Arteriole drains directly into a venule

Venous Anastomoses

Many venules draining into a single capillary bed

Cross Sectional Area

Diameter of vessel’s lumen

Blood Flow

How fast blood moves through a vessel

Total Cross Sectional Area

Sum of all cross sectional area for a given blood vessel type

Reabsorption

Bulk flow movement into venous end of capillary 

Hydrostatic Pressure

Physical Force exerted by a Fluid on a structure

Filtration

Bulk flow movement out of a capillary’s artery end

Bulk Flow

Movement of large amounts of fluids and their dissolved substances in one direction down a pressure gradient

Osmotic Pressure

High concentration of solutes pulling water into an area

Net Filter Pressure

Formula that compares hydrostatic and osmotic pressures to determine whether a capillary will do filtration or reabsorption

Myogenic Response

Contraction or relaxation of smooth muscle in tunica media to regulate blood flow to a tissue

Angiogenesis

Formation of new blood vessels

Autoregulation

When a tissue can alter blood flow on its own based on metabolic needs

Vasodilation

Relaxes smooth muscle in tunica media; increases blood flow

Vasocontriction

Contraction of smooth muscle in tunica media; decreases blood flow

Vascularization

Number of blood vessels in a tissue

Blood pressure Gradient

Change in blood pressure from one end of vessel to other end

Diastolic Pressure

Lowest Pressure

Pulse Pressure

Additional pressure placed on arteries when heart is resting

Mean Arterial Pressure

Average pressure in arteries

Systolic Pressure

Highest Pressure when the arterial wall is maximally stretched due to ventricular contraction

Blood Pressure

Force that blood exerts on a blood vessel wall

Pulse Pressure Formula

Systolic Blood Pressure - Diastolic Blood Pressure

Mean Arterial Pressure Formula

Diastolic Blood Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure

Peripheral Resistance

Obstacles to blood flow

Respiratory Pumps

Using inhalation and exhalation to move blood towards the heart

Skeletal Muscle Pump

Using skeletal muscle contractions to move blood towards heart

Venous Return

Blood getting from veins to heart

Umbilical Veins

Carries oxygenated blood to fetus

Umbilical Arteries

Carries deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta

Ductus Arteriosus

A fetal blood vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk to aorta

Ductus Venosus

Fetal blood vessel that connects liver to inferior vena cava

Foramen Ovale

An opening that connects the right atrium to the left atrium of fetal heart