APHUG Chapter 1 Key Issue 3

scale

relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole
application: must be accurately represented a centimeter on a scale could be 10,000 miles in reality
example: maryland on the map is only about an inch when really its 12,000 miles

globalization

force or process involving entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
application: people accepting women who wear head dresses and keep covered up
example: ??

transnational corporation

conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in countries
application: i buy lots of clothing that is made in china they have factories here and sell their product here
example: exon, toyota, honda

space

physical gap between 2 objects
application: the jail is not in the middle of the neighborhood it is many miles away
example: my bed is far away from my windows to avoid the sun in my eyes

distribution

the arrangement of a feature in space
application: whether things are skewed clustered
example: the neighborhood has a lot of houses near eachother to attract others to buy and have neighbors and kids nearby etc.

Density

the frequency in which something occurs in space
example: the forest was very dense it had a lot of trees, dense means a lot. density is a measurement
application: depends on number of frequency and amount of land.

concentration

extent of features spread
application: if an area is close together it is clustered if its far apart its dispersed
example: the town of centreville is clustered, a city in california is dispersed

pattern

geometric arrangement of objects
application: normally arranged in square or triangle
example:grid pattern in many cities intersection at right angles

connection

relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
application: how far i travel to go to work just 5 minutes up the road
example: ??

hearth

where something starts (originated)
application: earth is where it all started (earth, w/o the h)
example: if america wanted too experience life without tv

diffusion

process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another
application: diffusion is mingling of substances in science terms in this it makes sense that it means spread other places because "mingling"
example: taking our music and bringing it to a foreign country who has no access to that.

relocation diffusion

spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
application: when people move they bring things with them. "relocation" physical because relocating is a physical action
example: when people moved from spain to mexico they spoke spanish and brought it to mexico

expansion diffusion

spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process
application: 3 kinds
hierarchical- spread from authority or power to other people (political leaders)
contagious- rapid wide spread
stimulus- an idea is integrated or transmitted from one culture to another which also improves on the same idea to create another idea or convention
example: aids is an example contagious diffusion

network

chain of communication that connects places
application: the newspaper connects places all over the world depending which one
example: my twitter is a network

uneven development

increasing gap in economic conditions between regions inn the core and the periphery that results from globalization of the economy

What are the 3 basic concepts of human geography and what do they do?

scale, space and connections \--- help geographers explain why similarities among places and regions do not result from coincidence.

the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

scale

a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide

globalization

rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value

housing bubble

what is an example of globalization

Christianity spreading throughout the world \--- Nike \--- McDonalds \--- Coca-Cola

physical gap or interval between two objects

space

the arrangement of a feature in a space

distribution

what are the 3 main properties of distribution

density, concentration and pattern

the frequency with which something occurs in space

density

the extent of a feature's spread over space is its

concentration

if objects are close together, then they are \__________. If objects are far apart, then they are \____________.

clustered; dispersed

the geometric arrangement of objects in space

pattern

relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

connection

a place from which an innovation originates

hearth

the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another

diffusion

the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another is \________________________.

relocation diffusion

People migrate for a variety of political, economic and environmental reason. When they move they carry with them their \_______... (\_______, \________, and \_________.)

culture; language, religion and ethnicity

the spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process

expansion diffusion

spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other people or places

hierarchical diffusion

\______________ may result from the spread of ideas from political leaders or other important people to others in the community

hierarchical diffusion

hip hop or rap music is an example of which diffusion?

hierarchical diffusion

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population

contagious diffusion

\__________ diffusion spreads like a wave among fans in a stadium

contagious

the ideas place of the (www) spreads through which type of diffusion

contagious diffusion

the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse

stimulus diffusion

innovative features of Apple's iPhone and iPad have been adopted by competitors... which diffusion

stimulus diffusion

\____________ diffusion is encouraged by modern methods of communications (social media)

hierarchical

\____________ diffusion is encouraged by use of the internet

contagious

what is a renewable resource

produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed

what is a nonrenewable resource

produced in nature slower than it is consumed

what are two major misuses of resources

1. humans deplete nonrenewable resources (coal, natural gas) 2. humans destroy renewable resources through pollution (air, water)

efforts to recycle metals, paper and plastic is called \_________________.

sustainability

what are the 3 pillars of sustainability

environment, economy and society

the sustainable use and management of Earth's natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine and recreation

conservation

the maintenance of resources in their present condition with as little human impact as possible

preservation

in a market economy, \______ and \_______ are the principal factors determining affordability

supply and demand

what type of diffusion? When princess Kate wears something, everyone wears it

hierarchical diffusion

what type of diffusion? illness of gossip

contagious diffusion

what type of diffusion? india can't sell burgers so they sell veggie burger

stimulus diffusion

what type of diffusion? crops, culture, farming, building styles

relocation diffusion

what type of diffusion? breaking news

contagious diffusion

what type of diffusion? creation of a unique Cherokee language

stimulus diffusion

what type of diffusion? a group of immigrants

contagious diffusion

what are two major problems with which geographers are concerned as far as soil is concerned

erosion and depletion of nutrients

how many major types of climates do geographers identify? what are they?

tropical, dry, warm mid-latitude, cold mid-latitude, polar

Globalization

A force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.

Transnational corporation

Conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its' headquarters are located.

How has modern technology played a role in globalization?

Provides the means to easily move money, as well as materials, products, technology, and other economic assets, around the world.

In what ways is globalization of culture found in the landscape?

Geographers observe that increasingly uniform cultural preferences produced uniform "global" landscapes of material artifacts and of cultural values. Houses built in one region look like ones in other regions. Fast food restaurants, service stations, retail chains. People's expectations are the same.

In what ways has the communications revolution played a role in globalization?

Globalization requires a form of common communication. English language is increasingly playing that role. The communication revolution that promoted globalization of culture also permits preservation of cultural density.

What are three bulleted statements about reactions against globalism and globalization?

Local cultural traditions in the face of globalization of culture can lead to intolerance of people who display other beliefs, social forms, and material traits. Political disputes and wars have erupted. Extreme a position to globalization lead to the attack by Al Qaeda on 9/11 selected targets of the World Trade Center and the Pentagon - visible symbols of US domination and of global trends in culture, politics, economy. Traditional cultural elements in the face of increasing globalization of cultural preferences has lead to political conflict and market fragmentation in some regions.

The \___ of a feature in \___ is known as its distribution.

Arrangement, space

Three main properties of distribution across earth are what?

Density, concentration, and pattern.

Density

The frequency with which something occurs in space.

Arithmetic density

The total number of objects in an area, commonly used to compare the distribution of population in different countries.

Physiological density

The number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture, name mean that a country has difficulty growing enough food to sustain its population.

Agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit area of farmland, may mean that a country has inefficient agriculture.

The way in which a feature spread over space is known as concentration. What are the opposite ends of the spectrum of concentration?

Clustered, objects in an area are close together. Dispersed, objects relatively far apart.

What are the three different types of patterns?

Geometric, square/rectangular(grid), sinister.

How does ethnicity play a role in geography?

Some segregation still exists people will stay in groups of people with the same color skin, and because people of color tend to have lower incomes.

How does sexual orientation play a role in geography?

People of certain sexual orientation's will be attracted to locations that enforce the interation with people of the same orientation.

Space - time compression

The reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place.

In the past, most interaction between places required what?

The physical movement of settlers, explores, and plunders from one location to another.

How was the interaction between places changed?

Travel by vehicle or airplane is much quicker. We have instant messages and images to communicate instantly with people across the world, making travel unnecessary.

What are some examples of things that retard interaction among groups?

Oceans, deserts, language, or traditions.

What is the phenomenon known as distance decay?

The further away one group is from another, the less likely the two groups are to interact.

What is a hearth in terms of diffusion?

The place from which an innovation originates.

What is relocation diffusion?

The spread of an idea for physical movement of people from one place to another.

What is hierarchical diffusion?

The spread of an idea from people or knows of authority or power to other persons or places. The spread of political leaders ideas is an example.

What is contagious diffusion?

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population. The spread of a contagious disease such as the flu is an example.

What is stimulus diffusion?

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse.

Resource

A substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable.

Renewable Resource

Produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans.

Nonrenewable Resource

Produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans

Sustainability

The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that ensure resource availability in the future

Sustainability rests on 3 pillars

Environment
Economy
Society

"Our Common Future" (Brundtland Report)

Landmark work in recognizing sustainability as a combination of natural and human elements

Gro Harlem Brundtland

Chair of the World Commission on Environment and Developement

Sustainability can be achieved by..

Environmental protection
Economic growth
Social equality

Conservation

Sustainable use management of Earth's natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation

Preservation

Maintenance of resources in their present condition with as little human impact as possible.

Greater supply of resources

Lower price

Greater Demand of resources

High price

Sustainable Level

Surpassed in 1980

Important Recommendation of the UN Report

Increased international cooperation to reduce the gap between more developed and less developed countries.