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Civil Liberties
Fundamental rights and freedoms protected from infringement by the government.
Civil Rights
Protections from discrimination as a member of a particular group. Protections for individuals from discrimination-based on race, national origin, religion, sex, and other characteristics, ensuring equal treatment under the law
Bill of Rights
A list of fundamental rights and freedoms that individuals possess.
Due Process Clause
No state can deny a person “life, liberty, or property without due process of law”
Establishment Clause
Protection against the government requiring citizens to join or support a religion.
Free Exercise Clause
Protection of the rights of individuals to exercise and express their religious beliefs.
Freedom of Expression
A fundamental right affirmed in the First Amendment to speak, publish, and protest.
“Clear and Present Danger” Test
Legal standard that speech posing an immediate and serious threat to national security is not protected by the First Amendment.
Prior Restraint
The suppression of material prior to publication on the grounds that it might endanger national security.
Libel
An untrue written statement that injures a person’s reputation.
Slander
An untrue spoken expression that injures a person’s reputation.
Ex Post Facto
Laws criminalizing conduct that was legal at the time it occured.
Bills of Attainder
A law passed by Congress punishing an individual without trial.
Writ of Habeas Corpus
A document setting out reasons for an arrest or detention.
Procedural Due Process
A judicial standard requiring that fairness be applied to all individuals equally.
Warrant
A document issued by a judge authorizing a search
Probable Cause
Reasonable suspicion that a crime has been committed or that there is evidence relevant to a criminal investigation.
Exclusionary Rule
Mapp v. Ohio established a rule that evidence obtained without a warrant is inadmissible in court.
Grand Jury
A group of citizens who decide whether or not a person should be indicted on criminal charges and subsequently tried in court.
Double Jeopardy
Protects an individual acquitted of a crime from being charged with the same crime again in the same jurisdiction.
Miranda rights
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) established the right to remain silent and to have an attorney present during questioning. These rights must be given by police to individuals suspected of criminal activity.
Bail
An amount of money posted as a security to allow the defendant to be freed while awaiting trial, and cruel and unusual punishment.
Thirteenth Amendment
Prohibited Slavery
Fourteenth Amendment
Granted citizenship to persons born in the United States, due process clause, and equal protection clause.
Equal Protection Clause
Has been used to protect civil rights of Americans from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, gender, and other characteristics.
Fifteenth Amendment
Granted the right to vote to male African Americans.
Legal Segregation
Separation by law of individuals based on race.
De Jure
Segregation was challenged by Marshall and the NAACP.
De Facto Segregation
Separation of individuals based on characteristics that arise not by law but because of other factors, such as residential housing patterns.
Social Movement
Large groups of citizens organizing for political change.
Civil Disobedience
The intentional refusal to obey a law to call attention to its injustice.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Legislation outlawing racial segregation in public places and authorized the attorney general to sue individual school districts that failed to desegregate.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Legislation outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the Justice Department to send federal officers to register voters in areas with a history of voter discrimination.
Nineteenth Amendment
The right to vote for all genders which was established in the 1920s.
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
Legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid.
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