anatomy exam three quiz practice

The chemical and mechanical processes of food breakdown are called ________.

digestion

Digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ________.

catabolism

Select the description below that illustrates a difference between a sphincter and circular muscle.

A sphincter is a thickening of circular muscle that can prevent the movement of digesting materials while circular muscle is involved in propulsion digesting material.

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to ________.

collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver

The capillaries that nourish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the ________.

lamina propria

Which layer of the digestive tract contains the effectors for digestive propulsion?

muscularis externa

Nervous control of gastric secretion is provided by ________.

the vagus nerve and enteric plexus

Which of the following would likely be absorbed in the

stomach

a serving of alcohol

Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________.

chief cells of the stomach

The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?

Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.

Which of the following is produced in the stomach and contributes directly to the absorption of vitamin B12

intrinsic factor

Digestion and absorption of which of the following would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged?

lipids

The function of goblet cells is to ________.

produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion

Which of the following structural elements is common to both cardiac and smooth muscle?

Gap junctions

Short-chain triglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible?

lipase

Which of the following enzymes would be most active in the presence of high concentrations of protein fragments?

trypsin

The end products of protein digestion are transported across the apical membranes of enterocytes by __________.

active transport

The adenoids normally destroy pathogens because they contain ______.

lymphocytes

Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system?

pulmonary ventilation and external respiration

Which of the following is/are part(s) of the respiratory zone structures?

alveoli

Smoking inhibits cilia by inhibiting the movements of ______.

dynein molecules

Which of the following helps to protect against tracheal obstruction.

larynx

Which of the following observations would only be found in the right lung?

a horizontal fissure

During pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed ______.

visceral pleura of the same lung

__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.

Transpulmonary

Normally, the lungs function in a fairly high state of compliance. Which of the following could cause lung compliance to be abnormally high or low?

atelectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, emphysema

What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath?

tidal volume

Which of the following findings consistently matches pulmonary function with problems with ventilation?

A person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV₁ has a restrictive disorder.

During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged";

this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of ______.

interstitial fluid

Which form of hypoxia reflects poor O₂ delivery resulting from too few RBCs or from RBCs that contain abnormal or too little hemoglobin?

anemic hypoxia

Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen's attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?

partial pressure of oxygen

Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?

rising CO₂ levels

Hypocapnia causes ______.

hypoxia

The actual use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by tissue cells is known as which of the following?

Cellular Respiration

What structure supports and anchors the small intestine?

Mesentery

What is peristalsis?

Wave-like contractions that move food forward through the GI tract

What is segmentation?

Mixing movements in the small intestine

Which GI layer is responsible for movement (propulsion)?

Muscularis externa

What is the role of saliva in digestion?

Begins carbohydrate digestion

What tooth structure resists wear during chewing?

Enamel

What system carries nutrients from the GI tract to the liver?

Hepatic portal circulation

What increases surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

Villi and microvilli

What is the function of mucus in the GI tract?

Protection

What is absorption?

Movement of nutrients into the bloodstream

What is propulsion?

Movement of food through the GI tract

What type of digestion is chewing?

Mechanical digestion

What detects chemical changes in food?

Receptors

Reduced intestinal mixing affects what process?

Segmentation

What must happen for inspiration to occur?

Lung pressure decreases

What is the function of alveoli?

Gas exchange

What substance prevents alveolar collapse?

Surfactant

Low surfactant leads to what?

Increased surface tension

Which cells remove debris in the lungs?

Alveolar macrophages

Which structure prevents airway collapse with cartilage?

Trachea

Where does gas exchange occur?

Respiratory zone

What structure warms, moistens, and filters air?

Nasal conchae

What prevents food from entering the airway?

Epiglottis

What structure produces sound?

Larynx

Low oxygen at high altitude causes what?

Hypoxia

What matches airflow with blood flow?

Ventilation-perfusion coupling

Where are respiratory control centers located?

Medulla

What primarily drives breathing rate?

Carbon dioxide levels

Normal quiet breathing volume is called?

Tidal volume

Extra air inhaled beyond normal breath?

Inspiratory reserve volume

Extra air exhaled after normal exhale?

Expiratory reserve volume

Air remaining after maximal exhalation?

Residual volume

Why is expiration during quiet breathing passive?

Elastic recoil of lungs

What happens if you cannot exhale effectively?

Pressure does not increase

What equalizes pressure between alveoli?

Alveolar pores

What traps particles before reaching lungs?

Mucociliary escalator

What pressure keeps lungs inflated?

Transpulmonary pressure

Upper airway obstruction involves which structure?

Pharynx

Increased mucus enhances what function?

Filtration

What structure regulates airflow turbulence?

Nasal conchae