History Final- American Revolution

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Revolution

A dramatic change in people's lives.

Absolute Monarchy

A government in which power is in the hands of an a single ruling King or Queen.

Constitutional Monarchy

A government that has a set of laws, a government and its highest ruler is a king or queen. This was they type of government Britain had during the American Revolution.

King George III of England

The head of the monarchy of England and leader of the British Empire during the American Revolution. Nicknamed "Mad George" by American Patriots based off of temper and many called him a tyrant.

King Louis XVI

King of France during the American Revolution, decided to become an Allie with the American colonist and help fund the war. A weak leader, executed during the French Revolution in 1793.

British Parliament

The highest body of lawmakers in Britain. The British government.

Representation

An elected or appointed person that "gives a say" or a voice on behalf of a group of people.

Representative Democracy

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people. Have free and open elections to vote. Government used in the US.

Colonies

Lands that are claimed and controlled by another country, kingdom or Empire.

States

Independent governments that are internationally recognized.

7 Years War/French and Indian War

A war fought in Europe, North America and India between 1756 and 1763. Some historians consider it the first "World War".

What Empire won the French and Indian War in North America?

The British Empire

Proclamation of 1763

As a way to gain control over the colonies what law from the British government forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, which was protected for Native Americans.

Debt

An economic result of Britain spending millions of pounds to fund the 7 Years War.

Taxes

Money collected by governments that is required to be paid by people and businesses.

Taxes on the Colonies

The British government's plan to pay off their debt from the 7 Years War.

No Taxation without representation

The idea that it is unfair to tax someone without giving them a voice in government. The rally cry of the patriot colonist.

Sugar Act (1764)

The first act that British Parliament passed that enforced taxes on the colonies. Was designed to prevent smuggling and collect more tax income. Allowed for British custom officers to enter the homes and property of colonist whenever and where ever they wanted.

Smuggling

The act of illegally importing or exporting goods

Boycott

A refusal to buy or use goods and services. A form of economic protest.

Treason

The crime of betraying one's country.

Townshend Acts (1767)

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea.

Quartering Act (1765)

Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned government buildings and effigies of tax collectors. As well as "tared and feathered" tax collectors. Created communication and propaganda. Involved in planning the Boston Tea Party.

Daughters of Liberty

Organized boycotts of British goods by making their own clothing. Participated in protests and distributed pamphlets that helped gain support for independence.

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty, Propaganda artist and printer and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence, cousin of John Adams.

Paul Revere

American colonist and member of the Sons of Liberty. Engraver and silversmith who made a poster of the Boston Massacre. Also famously rode his horse to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming.

Stamp Act (1765)

Placed a tax on almost all printed materials in the colonies. Colonist protested and some became violent, eventually repealing the act.

Boston Massacre (1770)

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution as British soldiers opened fire on a mob, killing five colonist.

Propaganda

information that is one sided and meant to have an agenda

Tea Act of 1773

Gave the East India Company an unfair business advantage over colonial merchants by selling tea at a lower price without paying taxes. Essentially made the company a monopoly.

Monopoly

Complete control of a product by one business with no or little competition.

Boston Tea Party (1773)

Boston was boycotting British tea in protest of the Tea Act and would not let the ships bring the tea ashore. On the night of December 16, 1773, colonials disguised as Native Americans boarded the ships and threw the tea overboard worth roughly 2 million dollars today. Organized by the Sons of Liberty.

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Act) (1774)

In response to Boston Tea Party, British Parliament passed 5 Acts in 1774, closed the Port of Boston, reduced power of colonial governments, criminal trials would happen in Britain, provided for quartering of British troop's.

1st Continental Congress (1774)

On September 1774, delegates (representatives) from 12 of the 13 colonies gathered in Philadelphia. After debating, the delegates passed a resolution backing Mass. in its struggle. Decided to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed .

Militia

A military force that is made up from ordinary citizens who volunteer to fight. Not a formally trained army. Usually don't have formal uniforms.

Minutemen

Member of a militia during the American Revolution who could be ready to fight in sixty seconds. Early heroes of the American Revolutionary War.

2nd Continental Congress (1775)

Delegates (representatives) from the 13 colonies gathered in Philadelphia to debate and manage the war.

1)Sent the "Olive Branch Petition" to King George III, which was rejected.

2)Created a Continental Army with George Washington as the Commander.

3)Agreed to write a formal letter declaring their independence from Britain. The Declaration of Independence.

Continental Army

the American Army during the Revolutionary War led by General George Washington.

Battle of Lexington and Concord (1775)

The First Battles of the Revolutionary War. British Army leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Samuel Adams. Paul Revere and other messengers rode to warn that the "Redcoats are Coming" 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world). In Concord British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way.

Redcoats

Slang for British soldiers who fought against the colonists in the American Revolution; so called because of their bright red uniforms.

Yankee

Slang insult word used by the British to insult the New England and New York merchants. Became a slang word to mean American from the North.

Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)

(June 17, 1775) Site of a battle early in the Revolutionary War. This battle contested control of two hills overlooking Boston Harbor. The British captured the hills after the Americans ran out of ammunition. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!" Battle implied that Americans could fight the British if they had sufficient supplies.

Battle of Long Island and NYC (1776)

Battle for the control of New York. British troops overwhelmed the colonial militias and Continental Army and retained control of the city for most of the war. 1/4 of the city burned and was the biggest attack on NYC until 9/11/01.

Battle of Trenton (1776)

Battle that ended with an American victory against the Hessian mercenaries hired by the British when General Washington secretly cross the Delaware River into NJ attacking on Christmas night of 1776, Boosted American morale and inspired reenlistments. Most iconic moment from the war memoralized in a dramatic painting

Frontier

Wilderness at the edge of a settled area. Where Patriot militias retreated to fight the British army.

Guerrilla Warfare

A form of irregular warfare military tactics that uses the environment and landscape to ambush, sabotage and raid to fight a larger and less mobile traditional military. A form of warfare Patriots learned from Native Americans.

Gentleman's Warfare

Fighting in organized, straight lines. Effective in open battle fields with large armies.

Patriot

American colonist who favored independence from Britain.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to the King and Britain and opposed the war for independence.

Neutral

Not favoring or taking a side in argument, dispute or war.

Philadelphia, PA (philly)

The most populous city in the colonies at the time of the Revolution. The city where the Continental Congress met, Declaration of Independence was signed and later the Constitution to the US was ratified.

Printing Press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Was originally invented by a German Johannes Gutenberg in 1450. By the 1770's was a widespread technology that changed the way people received information. An early invention of the Industrial Revolution.

Join or Die

Famous cartoon drawn by Ben Franklin which encouraged the colonies to join in fighting the British during the American Revolution and unite for independence

Common Sense by Thomas Paine

A bestselling and widespread Pamphlet that encouraged the colonists to fight the British by incorporating enlightenment ideas on government using everyday language.

Natural Rights/Human Rights

The idea that all humans are born with certain needs, powers or privileges that need to be protected. Such as life, liberty, and property. To be treated with respect.

The Declaration of Independence (July 4th, 1776)

A document that established the US as an independent nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. It declared the 13 colonies independent from Britain and offered reasons for the separation. States that the US will be a nation where "all men are created equal" and protects natural rights such as "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." Thomas Jefferson is credited as the primary author.

Committee of 5

A group of men that wrote the Declaration of Independence. Consisted of: Thomas Jefferson, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, John Adams and Benjamin Franklin.

Thomas Jefferson

Considered the author of the Declaration of Independence. 3rd President of the US. Purchased Louisiana from France.

John Locke

English philosopher who's ideas influenced Thomas Jefferson when writing the Declaration of Independence. Argued that people have natural rights such as Life, Liberty and Property.

John Adams

A Boston Lawyer and member of the Continental Congress from Massachusetts. Defended the British soldiers in the trial of the Boston Massacre. Part of the committee to write the Declaration of Independence, the first Vice President of the US and 2nd President of the US.

George Washington

Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. A veteran of the French and Indian War, a former British military officer. 1st President of the United States.

Baron von Steuben

Expert Prussian (German) soldier who helped train American forces at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777 1778 during the American Revolutionary War for Independence. Instilled discipline, order, hygiene, and training to create the Continental Army.

John Hancock

A merchant, smuggler and funder of the Sons of Liberty. A patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous speaker who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies. "Give me liberty or give me death!" , "I am not a Virginian, but an American!".

Citizen

A person with certain rights and responsibilities in his or her country or community.

Representative

A person who is elected by citizens to speak or act for them.

Ambassador

an official representative of a country's government who talks and negotiates with leaders of foreign countries.

Delagate

A representative to a meeting.

Congress

the legislature branch of a government. Made up of representatives who debate, write and pass declarations, laws and acts. The House of Representatives + the Senate is called this in the United States.

Contiental Congress

In opposition to Intolerable Acts, brought together political leaders from 12 colonies to coordinate resistance leading eventually to manage a war for independence. This body would become the early US Government. Members included: John Adams Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson George Washington Patrick Henry John Hancock and later Alexander Hamilton.

Commander in Chief

The supreme commander of a nation's military force, the President.

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

A battle that took place in New York where the Continental Army defeated the British. It proved to be the turning point of the war. This battle ultimately had France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.

Benjamin Franklin

The most popular and influential colonist before the Revolution. A member of the Continental Congress, an enlightenment thinker, scientist, inventor, political cartoonist, printer and newspaper publisher. Part of the committee to write The Declaration of Independence. Ambassador to France

France

Allies to the Americans during the Revolutionary War. Helped with naval support, supplies and money.

Marquis de Lafayette

A French major general who aided the colonies during the Revolutionary War. He and Baron von Steuben (a Prussian general) were the two major foreign military experts who helped train the colonial armies. Fought and wounded in the war, saved by George Washington. A French noble, who as a teenager spent close to 4.5 million in today's money to fund the Continental Army. A "friend to the soldier".

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Last major battle of the American Revolution. Prompted the British government to negotiate an end to the conflict.

Treaty of Paris (1783)

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War. It recognized the independence of the American colonies from Britain, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

Inauguration Ceremony

The ceremony of taking the oath of office and being sworn in as President of the US. George Washington was sworn in 1789 in New York City after being unanimously elected as the first President of the United