APUSH Period 1

Algonquin

Atlantic Coast:
-water ways
-dense forests
-hunting, fishing
-Modern Day Quebec, Ontario

Iroquois

Northeast:
-agriculture: relied on maize
-women hold lots of power
-confederacy of six nations
-New York State
-semi-sedentary
-used trees for housing
-lived in long houses where multi-generation families would live in

Chinook, Kwakuitl

Pacific Northwest:
-fishing expertise SALMON
-canoes
-chiefs
-relied on cedar for housing
-totems

Pueblo, Navajo, Apache

Southwest:
-agriculture
-adobe
-organized society
-desert, hot
-vast irrigation to get water to reach location
-clay pottery

Zambo

lowest status and is mixed of African and Native ancestry

Mestizo

higher than zambos, mixed with Native and Spanish ancestry

Maroon

Africans who escaped enslavement and are independent

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Las Castas

Spanish classification system in the New World, designed to function as a socioeconomic hierarchy based primarily upon race and mixed race categories, social mobility extremely limited

Encomienda System

-Labor system instituted by Spanish Crown in the Americas. Goal was to spread Christianity, gain power, and extract resources
-Spaniards (encomendero) could extract tribute from Natives, in exchange encomenderos provided protections and instruction of the Catholic faith

Rules Encomienda System Had

-Indians were not owned by encomenderos
-Indians could not be bought, sold, or rented to others
-Descendants of encomenderos could not inherit the encomienda
-Indians could not be relocated and could only stay in their proximate geographical areas
-Encomenderos were given a right to the labor NOT the land

Why people thought the Rules were Questionable

-inheritance restrictions gave the incentive to destroy more quickly human capital (natives) b/c what was the point if they couldn't pass it down to their kids (no bequeath motive)
---->higher Indian depopulation ratios
-relocation restrictions prevented from moving labor to higher production areas ex. silver mines of Mexico and Peru
-restriction on trading and renting Indians to other Spaniards reduced economy of scale
----> unnecessary loss of money, couldn't adjust size of labor

Wage Contract

Crown pays for expedition

Fixed-rent Contract

Conquistadores pays a fee in order to have complete control of New World assets
---> this was bad for Crown b/c Crown could miss out on revenue

Share Contract

MOST FAVORED
Crown traded partial rights to New World assets, Crown contracted with caudillos (leaders of conquests) returning 80%.
Crown did not have to finance expedition directly
Crown did not have full control of New World assets

Portuguese

Solved labor problem by implementing factory system
-large trading posts on coast of Brazil and two continents exchanged European goods for Brazilian dyewood
---> there's an incentive for Indians in Brazil to work

Portuguese need for Labor

enslaved Indians to work on sugar plantations when the Portuguese settled in Brazil to avoid losing it to the French

1574

Portuguese Crown declares slavery to be illegal but had a few exceptions
-slaves who practiced cannibalism
-already a slave within the Native community

Portuguese need for Labor with New Slavery Law

imported slaves from Africa

1542

Spain declares slavery to be illegal

French

more interested in setting up trading posts than enslaving Natives, also saw them as military allies
-they did use AFRICAN slaves in large amounts, but never native slaves

Dutch

-little trade with Natives
-decent relationship

England

used indentured servitude to satisfy labor demand
-initially co-existed with Natives (Thanksgiving)
-Traded w/ Natives
-Shared ideas with Natives
-Eventually turned violent ;(

Why the Crown preferred Encomienda System

-reduced threats to its security
-didn't wanna feel like they were enslaving ppl (sugarcoated it)
----> were still hostile to encomienda system cause it was still forced labor
-Crown wanted wage labor but didn't wanna lose that much wealth

The Black Legend

Concept that Spanish conquerors merely tortured and murdered Indians, stole gold and infected them with smallpox, leaving nothing of benefit

Valladolid Debate (1550-1551)

Concerned the treatment of natives of the New World. It concerned two main attitudes towards the conquest of the Americas. Bartolomé de las Casas argued Amerindians were creations of God and deserved same treatment as Christian Europeans. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda thought that the natives should be slaves because of their crimes against nature and against God.

Juan de Sepulveda

Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. He also argued in favor of the Christianize of Native Americans.

Bartolome de las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

Coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.

Sextant, Caravel, Astrolabe

instruments that helped explorers navigate and travel. didn't put description of each thing cuz it's kinda common sense srry and im lazy

Pueblo Revolt (1680)

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt--- Spanish later reconquered ;(
-wanted to keep traditional culture
-destroyed signs of catholicism

Spanish Armada

"Invincible" group of ships sent by King Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance.

Aztecs

Ancient civilization (1200-1521AD) that was located in what is present-day Mexico City

Incans

Another great Native American civilization. Settled in Peru. Conquered by Pizarro.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.
-built on water b/c of eagle w/snake in its mouth, thought to be God
-temple in the middle: where sacrifices happened
-bridges connecting to outside the city

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented the printing press--> printing of Gutenberg Bible----> people convert

The Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome; age of new inventions

Montezuma

Leader of the Aztecs

Hernan Cortez

A Spanish Conquistador who defeated and conquered the Aztec Empire

Juan de Onate

Spanish Conquistador and governor of the Spanish province of New Mexico. In the Acoma Pueblo uprising of 1598 his soldiers killed over 800 Native Americans.

Highly developed civilizations

Mayans, Aztecs, Incans

Food Source

Maize=Corn, incans also ate potatoes

California Missions

21 religious outposts established between 1769 and 1833 in California. Most by the Franciscans, and most along with a military presidio nearby

Order of Best to Worst Treatment of Natives by Europeans

French, Dutch, English, Spanish