Geography Final exam

How do you understand the difference between physical and human geography>

It is the difference between looking at the landscape where nature exists and where humans exists. Humans are more interesting because they are complex, but they are not quantitative.

What does physical or natural science study, according to James Clerk Maxwell?

Everything is a changing position of bodies.

How do humans transcend the phyical world, according to humanists?

Humans are quaintly different. We value our outcomes and we try to be better.

What is geomorphology?

It is the change in landforms and the study of their undergoing constant change

Why was American geomorphology born in the southwest?

What did Albert Perrry Brigham mean when he said the “new geography” applied the evolutionary principle to geography?

What did William Morris Davis mean by “structure”

If you want to understand landforms you have to understand the basics (structure). Different material causes different structures

What did William Morris Davis mean by “process”?

What did William Morris Davis mean by “Stage”?

How long has the process has been occurring

What did William Morris Davis mean by “the geographical cycle?”

The complete set of stages of a landscape

What are the “three legs” of physical geography?

Climatology, biogeography, and geomorphology

What is the origianl meaning of the word science?

What is the modern meaning of the word science?

Which modern science is the most scienctific?

Physics is one of the more elementary sciences because it seems that physics has tremendous powers of prediction

What is big about “big science”?

It is when science becomes corporate because of the scientific revolution when the shifts of knowledge were based on authority, teaching, and experience

What were the key elements of Milton Eisenhower’s Seccond Scientific Revolution?”

The scientific method gets supercharged by big government for finances and big business for management

Why are the key elements, in theory, self regulated?

Funding makes you align your organization and the management makes you conform

How did the National Science Foundation originate and what is its purpose?

How did Big Science change the University

It prefered research over teaching

How did Big Science change the academic disiplines?

It made everyhign specialized

What suggested (to some people) that geography was alggard?

Geography needed to become more like the other sciences because it was lagging behind

What does Exceptionalism mean?

That geography was an exception to the scientific method and the classifications like physical and logical that came with it

What does Anti-Exceptionalism mean?

Geography is and needs to be just like the other sciences

What were the hallmarks of the “new geography” that emerged around 1960?

Quantification and modeling

Who were the advocates of this “New Geography”?

Edward Ackerman

What was wrong with the old geomorphology of Willam Morris Davis, according to the “angry young men” of the “New Geography?”

He says that there is not enough numbers for the qualitative desciptions of locations

What did they say the old geomorphology is good for?

Just for explaining things as qualitative

It cannot explain what they were really are like

What are the hallmarks of “process studies” (process geomorphology)

What is epistemolgy?

The study of knowledge

What were teh critterias for epistemolgy?

It has to be true

It has to be justified

Have to believe it

It is useful to you

What is positivism?

Its the fact that all science works in the same way and the only thing that counts as knowledge is something that you can touch

What is Humanism?

What did Fred Schaefer mean by the “methodological unity of all inquiry?”

Modism- the fast that there is only one way to answer a question

Spatial Science

The study of location, distributions, and movements in space

Quantitative Revolution

Sceintific revolution

Abstract way is describing changes in abstract reality

Physical science studes “the regular succession of events. An event is “ a change in the arangement of certain bodies.” In vernacualar, what does this mean?

If bodeis are going to move, they are going to move in space

What is the “space” of spatial science?

The surface of the Earth

What is a theory (or law) of location

it is a throw based on location observations

Why do new “heroes” accompany a “paradigm shift?”

Because new movements need people to look up to

Who was Johann Heinrich von Thunen?

He was a Prussion land owner that advocated for the isolate state

What does movement in space does the theory of the isolated city explain?

It explain the distance to the market.

Alfred Werber

He explains why industry is located where it is

What movement in space does industrial location theory explain?

That something has goent to a retna location or the optimal location for a factory

Market Orientated Industry

If somehting is going to go bad, you keep it toward the market

What did Walter Christaller come up with?

He satarted the external place theory

What movement in space does cnetral place theory explain?

It explain the goods and services. It doesnt explain why something is ther, but it explains what you can get there

What did geographer thing about spatial scinece before 1960?

What is a paraigm shift?

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What does “crisis” mean and who coined the word?

It means a life or death situation and Hypocrites coined the word

Why was “the long-term survival of American geography…something to be held in doubt”?

Because it looked like it was in crisis and that it had problems that continuously needed to be solved

What are “bean-counters” and what should we think of them?

The people in the administration that comes and count the wrong items that determine careers

Sometimes they are not wrong when it comes to their criticism

What happened at the University of Michigan in 1981?

The geography department closed

Geographers started to become worried about a crisis in geography as it was on the downturn

What did Haigh and Freeman mean when they said that geography was a “marginal” discipline in American universities?

If universities needed to make cuts, then geography departments would be first to go

What did Haigh and Freeman mean when they said that geography was a problem of “identity”

It depended on which geography you did and sometimes it did not make sense what they did

Why did Haigh and Freeman say that geography was perceived as a “soft” discipline, and why was perception stronger in American?

The elementary schooling at lower schools make geography seem like it takes a basic mind to understand it

What did Haigh and Freeman say about “jobs” for geography

There were really no jobs available. They had a hard time getting jobs and thus attracting students

What was American geography’s greatest strength, according to Haigh and Freeman

Geography was flexible and it was able to adapt to what people wanted it to be

What did Ronald Abler do?

He was the one that supposed that geography had become too detached from everyday people. He supposed that applying geography to American society to make it relevant again

What did George Denko do?

He thought that geography departments were just teaching people how to be academic and you would have to look outside the academic sphere for employment

What is the fundamental meaning of “applied geography”

Geography was needed to connect with the needs of the people and the world around it

How did geographers get “out of touch?” How could they get in touch?”

What aided the growth of applied geography after 2000?

Data collection and display, GIS and GIST

How would you characterize the geography between human

It is divided between human and physical geography

Our experience of the past is disinterest?

It means you have no stake in it and have no concern

How do you join the Geographic Tradition?

Baton that is passed down from generation to generation

How does the “heart of a geographer respond to the “romance of geography?”

It is a vocation

What are the symptoms of visceral passion of cartophilia?

Loved maps so much that they are driven to them

What are the symptoms of the visceral passionof topophilia?

Love of localities of a particular place

What are the symptoms of the visceral passion of wanderlust?

The love of wandering, curiosity

What is the root meaning of eros? What is the origin of eros?

A powerful attraction to something

Awareness of lack

Velle non discitur

The will cannot be taught, but it can be fed

What is the critique of positivism?

The epistemology of natural sciecn is not the only road to knowledge

What is the critique of spatial science?

Geography cannot be a science of spatial relation because all empiricle sciences study spatial relations

What does the word “psitivism” seem to mean?

It was a term of castigation

How did geographers begin to use the word “positivism’ in the 1970s

They used it with condemnation and contempt

What “mode of understanding” or “model” of science shouod humanistic geographers use?

Men and Women should be used as subjects and not objects.

How do you “blur” the subject-object distinction?

Every object is a perceive object from the person who is perceiving it, it is interpreted H

How do you “blur” the fact-value distinction?

They called it existential space and called it deeply subjective.

Why did they attempt to recover prescientific or primordial awareness?

They wanted to return to the world before the objective where the abstract is

Why would geography as a spatial science destroy geography?

Because geographers may not know nothing about the space in which they are trying to discover. It was an argument for a super science. It would tear the heart out of geography

What are the components of sense of place?

Relationship between a person and its location. It is a difference in sbjective world; a meaning of what can be seen

What was the point of Meinig’s “Beholding Eye"“?

How did geographers do humanistic geography?

Largely exploring the heads and hearts of men and women

What does the Eruption of Catopaxi mean according to the theory of humanistic geograhpy?

It was a dehumanizing take on the landscape

What is a dissident or dissenter?

It is someone who opposes something or an act of opposition

What did the 1960s counterculture oppose?

The old cultures from world war 2.

An economic revolution oppossed capitalism and wanted communism

racial opposed white supremicy and wanted to replace it with a different system

sexual opposed monogamy and petrary and wanted to replaced it with feminism

What is a revolution?

Opposed and overturn a society or the idea that a society has

What did Marx and Engels means by the word Communist?

A radical that wanted to revolutionize all social relations

What is the theory of radical intellectuals?

He wrote a great many books to justify his radical ideas. He wanted to therize why peopel and the world had become rotten.

Why do radical intellecuals use their intellects to “burn the world down”?

Because it is a way to create a “growth room” for their ideas to expand from

What is the first thing a dissident minority must explain?

They must explain the reasoning why they have been kept in the dark and why they need to rise

What is the hermeneutics of suspicion?

The assumption that all words, images, and meaning are lies and they conceal reality. Proposess a way to go beneith the roots and find out reality

What does a radical mean by the word ideology

The false surface meaning that gives those in power their power and privilege that blinds everyone else

What does a radial mean when they speak of “false consciousness”?

ideology puts the populace under a blanket that causes people to see the word as a certain way

What does critical theory claim to do? In what sense is it critical? In which sense is it theory?

Claims to dig up the roots of what the system is

What is radicalization?

Experience of suddenly seeing the world with radical eyes

How does radiacalization trigger rage and revolution?

Because it is the energy that comes out of radicalization from the shock

What are popular and technical definitions of anarchism, anarchist, etc.

Anarchism meant that the abolition of the state would result in a society of natural honestly and voluntary cooperation. Selfishness and violence were caused by nationalist ideology and the state

Who is Peter Kropotkin and what did he do?

He became an anarchist after finishing from the Army and wrote books about anarchism while in London