Organic

Organic compound

Any compound containing covalently bonded carbon atoms

Exceptions are simple carbon molecules (only one carbon)

Molecular formula

Shows the number of each atom but no structure

Ex. C6H12

Structural formula

Shows the arrangement of adults in a molecule and the bonding within

Ex. Ch3-CH2-CH3

Skeletal formula

Blinds show carbon carbon bonds, bonding to hydrogen atoms is implied

Each vertex represents a carbon atom and the appropriate number of accompanying hydrogen atoms

4 single bonds

Tetrahedral shape, 109.5 degrees

Two single bonds and one double bond

Trigonal planar, 120°

. Two double bonds

Linear, 180°

One single Bond and one triple bond

Linear , 180°

Two groups dividing hydrocarbons

Aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Benzene and benzene containing molecules

Aliphatic hydro

Compound does not contain benzene

Alkanes

All carbon carbon bonds are single bonds

Hydrocarbon is saturated because it contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

Alkenes

Contains one or more carbon carbon double bond

Is unsaturated

Alkynes

Contains one or more carbon-carbon triple bond

Unsaturated

Alkane general

Cn h2n + 2

Alkene's general formula

CN h2n

Alkynes general formula

CnH2n-2

Cyclic hydrocarbons

When carbon atoms form a ring shape it is described as being cyclic

Isomers

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but are different in structure and or spatial orientation

Constitutional isomers

Atoms in the molecule are connected differently

Single bonds in isomers

Single bonds undergo free rotation which means that the bond is able to rotate so that the chain May bend

Geometric isomers

Compounds that have the same formula and the same bonding and therefore have the same name. But the atoms have different orientation in space and so we must add something to the name to distinguish them

How are geometric isomers possible

Their existence is possible on a kind of the hindered rotation about a double bond

Ie. Ridgid double bond prevents free rotation

E/z naming system for isomers

For each carbon attached to the double bond, examine the atoms directly attached , the atom with the larger molar mass gets priority.

If the priority groups are on the same side it is Z, opposite sides it is E

Solubility of hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons are nonpolar and insoluble in water

As chain length increases, solubility decreases

Melting point of hydrocarbons

Boiling and melting point decrease with branching because branches keep the molecules at a distance and provide fewer contact points of contact for dispersion forces

Boiling and melting points rise with molecular mass due to London dispersion forces

What reaction do alkanes undergo

Substitution reactions with halogens

Two products

What reactions do alkenes undergo

Addition reactions

One product

Markovnikov's rule

The rich get richer

The carbon atom in the double bond with more hydrogen atoms directly attached to it gets the hydrogen atoms